Small Animal Skull

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Small Animal Skull

• Chapter 15

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Skull

• Positioning is vital.
• May have to sedate patient.
• Remove endotracheal tube
• Key is precision and symmetry
• Differences among species and breeds

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Anatomy of the Skull
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Lateral View

• Patient in lateral recumbency with affected side
  of the skull toward the cassette.
• Nasal septum should be parallel to the surface of
  the cassette.
• Mandibular rami should be superimposed.
• View should include entire head from the tip of
  the nose to the base of the skull.

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Dorsoventral View

• Patient is in sternal recumbency with head
  resting on cassette.
• Front limbs can be in natural position but not in
  x-ray beam.
• May need to put gentle pressure on cervical
  region or place tape over cranium so that it will
  remain in desired position.
• View should include entire head from tip pf the
  nose to base of the skull.

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Ventrodorsal View

• Patient is placed in dorsal recumbency.
• Front limbs are extended caudally and secured.
• Nose must remain parallel to cassette.
• View should include entire head from the tip of
  the nose to the base of the skull.

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Rostrocaudal View of Frontal Sinuses

• Patient is in dorsal recumbency with nose
  pointing upward.
• Front legs should be pulled caudally alongside
  the body.
• May need to tie nose in place.
• Frontal sinuses should be centered on the
  cassette.
• View should include entire forehead of patient.
• Collimator should be aimed perpendicularly to the
  cassette and centered between the eyes.

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Cranium Rostrocaudal view

• Dorsal recumbency with nose pointing upward and
  the front limbs pulled caudally.
• Similar to frontal sinus view but nose is
  directed slightly in a caudal direction (10-15
  degrees).
• Careful with any endotracheal tube on this view.
• Cranium should be centered on the cassette.
• View should include entire cranium.

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Nasal Cavity- Ventrodorsal Open-mouth view

• Patient is in dorsal recumbency with legs
  extended caudally.
• Maxilla remians parallel with the cassette and
  mouth is held open by tape or gauze.
• X-ray tube should be angled 10-15 degrees so that
  beam is directed into the mouth.
• Nasal cavity should be centered on the cassette.
• View should include the entire maxilla from the
  tip of the nose to the pharyngeal region.

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Tympanic Bullae-Rostrocaudal Open-mouth view

• Patient is placed in dorsal recumbency.
• Nose pointing upward and legs pulled caudally
  alongside the body.
• Mouth is tied or propped open.
• Nose is pulled cranially 5-10 degrees
• View should include the entire nasopharyngeal
  region of the skull.

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Tympanic Bullae-Lateral oblique view

• Patient is placed in lateral recumbency
• Unaffected bullae toward cassette.
• Skull will lay in slightly oblique position.

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Temporomandibular Joint-Ventrodorsal Obique View

• Patient is in lateral recumbency with affected
  side toward cassette.
• Cranium is rotated approximately 20 degrees
  toward cassette and held in position.
• Can be with mouth opened or closed

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Maxilla- Dorsoventral Intraoral View

• Patient is placed in sternal recumbency.
• Film is placed in mouth
• Have to adjust settings as SID has changed.
• Now with advent of intraoral radiograph machines,
  this type of view is less likely on standard
  machines.

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Maxilla- Upper Dental Arcade

• Patient is placed halfway on back with maxillary
  arcade closest to the cassette.
• Head is rotated approximately 45 degrees to the
  cassette.
• Mouth should be maintained in open position.
• Again new dental machines make this view more
  rare on standard equipment.

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Mandible- Ventrodorsal View

• Patient is in dorsal recumbency.
• Head is extended in cranial position.
• Film is placed in mouth as before.
• Adjust SID as before.

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Mandible- Lower Dental Arcade

• Dorsoventral oblique view.
• Patient in lateral recumbency with affected
  mandible closest to cassette.

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Teeth

• Will discuss more in depth when we get to dental
  and intraoral radiographs.
• Most accurate way of visualizing teeth.
• Patient is in lateral recumbency with unaffected
  side to the table and affected side up.
• Film is inserted into the mouth.

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