Chapter 13 Animal Behavior

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Chapter 13Animal Behavior

• M. Elizabeth
• MLK
• 2005-2006

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Review

• What is ornithology?
• The study of birds
• What are the six kingdoms of organisms
• Archaebacteria - Prokaryote
• Eubacteria - Prokaryote
• Protista - Eukaryote
• Fungi - Eukaryote
• Plantae - Eukaryote
• Animalia - Eukaryote

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• Classifying Kingdoms
• King Philip came over for grape soda
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
  Species
• Naming species use the binomial nomenclature
  system 2 names
• Genus species
• T. rex Tyrannosaurus rex

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13.1 What is an Animal?

• The Animal Kingdom
• Scientists have named over 1 million species of
  animals.
• Animals can be divided into two types of
  organisms
• Invertebrates animals without a backbone
• More than 95 of all animals
• Insects, spiders, snails, jellyfish, sponges,
  worms, etc.
• Vertebrates animals with a backbone
• Less than 5 of all animals
• Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

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Student Group Collaboration Animal Examples

• List two animal examples of the following
• Arctic animals
• Antarctic animals
• Animals that crawl
• Animals that fly
• Animals without with no bones
• North American animals
• Animals that live in the soil
• Ocean animals
• Animals with more than four legs

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Thats an Animal?

• Animals
• are multicellular
• are eukaryotic without cell walls
• usually reproduce by sexual reproduction
• Some like sponges and starfish can also reproduce
  asexually by budding and division
• develop from embryos
• have many specialized parts tissues
• move
• are consumers (eat other organisms)

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Embryo Development
4 weeks
7 weeks
10 weeks
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Embryo
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13.2 Animal Behavior

• Terms
• - Predator hunt and kill their food
• - Prey hunted animals that will be eaten if
  caught
• - Camouflage blending in with background
  coloration
• - Innate behavior does not depend on learning.
• - Learned behavior must be learned from
  observation or experience
• - Migrate travel from one place to another and
  then back again

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• Terms
• - Hibernation a short winter period of metabolic
  inactivity. NOT sleeping
• - Estivation a short summer period of metabolic
  inactivity, during the hottest part of the summer
• - Biological clock internal control of natural
  cycles
• - Circadian rhythm internal control of daily
  cycles
• - Navigate - to steer a course
• - Landmark a fixed object that is used to
  navigate

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Survival Behavior

• Looking for lunch animals used many different
  methods to find or catch food
• Owls swoop from the sky to catch a mice
• Bees fly from one flower to another to collect
  nectar
• Animals have adapted to their surroundings so
  that they an obtain the most food using the least
  amount of energy

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• Giraffe long necked

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Survival Behavior

• How to Avoid Being Eaten
• Predator animals eat prey animals. Predators
  must consider the danger involved with the catch
  there may be another animal ready and waiting
  to kill the predator.
• Hiding Out
• One way to avoid being eaten is to hard to see.
  Rabbits freeze to blend in better. Leaf insect
  example

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In your Face horns and spines

• Body Parts that signal trouble to a potential
  predators or competitors.
• Bull horns
• Rhino tusks
• Porcupine spines
• Hidden dangers
• Skunk spray
• Bees, ants, and wasps inject a powerful acid into
  their attackers
• Skins of American dart-poison frog or Papua New
  Guinea hooded pitohui (PIT-a-hooey) are colorful
  to warn of hidden danger. The hooded pitohui is
  the first poisonous bird discovered anywhere.

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• Researchers have found a beetle in the guts of
  the pitohui that carry high levels of the same
  toxin that fills the birds' feathers and skins
• --
• Strong evidence that feeding on those beetles may
  give the birds their uniquely poisonous
  protection.

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Why Do They Behave That Way

• Its in the Genes
• Behavior that doesnt depend on learning or
  experience is called innate behavior.
• Tendencies present at birth how to swim how to
  chew or at maturity bird singing.
• Animal School
• Behavior that must be learned through observation
  or experience is called learned behavior. Humans
  speak but language is learned. The lack of
  learned behavior is why some young animals raised
  in captivity cannot survive in a natural
  environment.

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Seasonal Behavior

• World Travelers seasonal migration
• Navigation using landmarks or magnetic fields
  (magnetite is a magnetic mineral)
• Monarch butterfly
• Slowing Down
• Hibernation in the winter mice squirrels,
  skunks, and bears metabolism slows
• Estivation in the summer when it is too hot
  desert squirrels and mice
• The Rhythms of Life
• Biological Clock seasonal
• Circadian Rhythm daily clocks

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13.3 Living Together

• Most animals interact with their same species
• Social behavior is the term used for
  interactions between animals of the same species.
  The interaction can be cooperative or
  competitive but in either case communication is
  needed.
• Communication is a signal that must travel from
  one animal to another.

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Communication

• Helps animals
• Live together
• Find food
• Avoid enemies
• Protect their home mark their territory
• Warn others of danger
• Identify family members and friends
• Frighten predators
• Find mates Courtship is a special behavior by
  animals of the same species that leads to mating
  via sexual reproduction

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How do Animals Communicate

• Animals signal their intentions and information
  through
• Smell
• Sound
• Vision
• Touch

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Do you Smell Trouble

• Smell is transmitted via a chemical
• Chemicals used to transmit information via smell
  are called pheromones.
• Ants, very cooperative insects, secrete (release)
  a variety of pheromones.
• Alarm chemicals are released into the air to
  alert other ants that there is danger nearby
• Trail chemical are left along a path so that
  others can follow to find food and to return to
  the nest
• Recognition chemicals are on an ants body to
  tell other ants which colony they are from
  (friend or foe)

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Do You Hear What I Hear?

• Animals communicate by making noises
• Wolves howl
• Dolphins and whales use whistles and complex
  clicking noises to communicate with one another
• Male birds may sing in the spring to claim
  territory or attract a mate.
• Sound is a signal that can reach a large number
  of animals over a large area.
• Elephants sounds that are so low pitched that
  humans cannot hear but elephants can up to
  several kilometers away.

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Showing Off

• Many forms of communication are visual
• Body language is how our body is positioned to
  share a feeling or thought
• Bird preen
• Mammals mutual grooming
• Trying to scare another animal will do something
  to make it appear larger. It may ruffle its
  feathers or fur or open its mouth and show its
  teeth

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Getting in Touch

• Some animal also use touch to communicate
• Honeybees dance to show other bees where the
  good flowers are by observing and touching the
  dancing bee.

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Part of the Family

• Some animals are solitary tigers
• Most are social lions
• Lions live in groups called prides
• Benefits of living in a group
• Safer large groups can spot danger and
  cooperatively defend the group
• Easier to find food Solitary animals can kill
  only smaller animals while group predators that
  hunt cooperatively can kill prey much larger than
  themselves
• Downside of Living in a Group
• Attract predators
• Need more food
• Can compete with each other for food and mates
• Spread diseases

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Chapter Review Questions

• 1. Natural bath sponges used to be living plants.
  True or False?
• 2. Which of the following lists contains types of
  organisms that are NOT animals?
• a. corals, birds, kangaroos
• b. dolphins, cactuses, whales
• c. spiders, humans, sponges
• d. sea anemones, fish, slugs

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• 3. If the following organisms is an invertebrate
  write an I and an V if it is a vertebrate.
• _____ beetles _____ mammals
• _____ worms _____ spiders
• 4. The activities that animals perform, such as
  building homes and stalking food are called
  ____________.
• 5. Survival behaviors help animals find food,
  water, and a place to live, and help them avoid
  being eaten. True or False?

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• 6. Animals use different methods in order to
  obtain the most ________for the least amount of
  _________
• 7. Predators hunt and eat other _______,
• called prey.
• 8. How does the hooded pitohui bird defend itself
  from predators?
• a. Its bite injects a powerful acid into its
  attacker.
• b. It is covered in spines.
• c. It can spray a chemical that smells very bad.
• d. Its skin contains a toxin that can kill a
  predator.

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• 9. Animals always know instinctively what to do.
  True or False?
• 10. Innate behavior cannot be changed.
• True or False?
• 11.The tendency of humans to speak is a(n) _____
  behavior but the language we speak is
  a(n)________ behavior.
• 12. Which of the following does NOT happen during
  hibernation?
• a. The animals heart rate drops.
• b. The animal survives on stored body fat.
• c. The animals temperature increases.
• d. The animal does not wake for weeks at a time.

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• 13. Some desert animals experience an internal
  slowdown during the summer. True or False?
• 14. An animal with a skull and a backbone is
  __________. An animal with no backbone is
  ______________.
• (an invertebrate or a vertebrate)
• 15. A behavior that does not depend on experience
  is __________. (innate or learned)
• 16. In the summer, an animal enters a state of
  reduced activity. The animal is _________.
  (estivating or hibernating)
• 17. Daily cycles are known as ________________ .
• (biological clocks or circadian rhythms)
• 18. When an egg and a sperm come together, they
  form ____________.(an embryo or an organ)

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• 19. Some birds use Earths magnetic field
• a. to attract mates.
• b. to navigate.
• c. to set their biological clocks.
• d. to defend their territory.
• 20. __________ is not an example of how animals
  might deal with a food shortage.
• a. Migration c. Social behavior
• b. Estivation d. Hibernation
• 21. Reading is an example of
• a. an innate behavior.
• b. a behavior controlled by genes.
• c. a learned behavior.
• d. an inherited behavior.

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• 22. All _________ lack a skull and backbone.
• a. vertebrates c. multicellular organisms
• b. Eukaryotes d. invertebrates
• 23. The use of _________ is an example of
  chemical communication.
• a. camouflage c. hibernation
• b. pheromones d. estivation