Review the Animal Kingdom

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Review the Animal Kingdom

• 4 Major Characteristics?
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophs
• Cells lack cell walls

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7 Essential Functions?

• Feeding
• Respiration
• Circulation
• Excretion

• Response
• Movement
• Reproduction

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Trends in Animal Evolution

• Cell specialization and levels of organization?
• Early development?
• Body symmetry?
• Cephalization?
• Coelom?

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Hard Shells
Fur Milk Glands
Amniotic Egg
Lungs
Bony Skeleton
jaws
Brain Encased Skull
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The Anatomy of a Sponge
Water flow
Osculum
Collar Cell
Central cavity
Pores
Spicule
Pore cell
Pore
Epidermal cell
Archaeocyte
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Cnidarians have two body forms
Polyp - stationary, vase-shaped
Medusa - swimming, cup-shaped
Examples hydra, coral, sea anemone
Examples jellyfish, portuguese man of war
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Ecology of Sponges

• Ideal habitats for marine animals such as snails,
  sea stars, sea cucumbers, and shrimp
• Mutually beneficial relationships with bacteria,
  algae and plant-like protists

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Ecology of Cnidarians

• A. Source of new drugs/chemicals ?sunscreen 855
• B. Provide habitats for marine organisms
• C. Source of food for other organisms (like sea
  turtles)
• D. Symbiotic relationships with other organisms

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3 Groups of Worms?

• Flatworms
• Roundworms
• Segmented Worms
• What do all 3 groups have in common?
• Bilateral symmetry, cephalization, sexual
  reproduction, true organs,

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Flatworm adaptation?

• Simplest animals to have bilateral symmetry and
  cephalization.

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Roundworm Adaptation?

• First animals to have a one way digestive system
  with mouth and anus
• First animals to have a fluid filled body cavity
  called a pseudocoelom- false body cavity

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Segmented Worm Adaptation?

• First animals to have true circulatory system
  and coelom body cavity.

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Examples of Mollusks?
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Major Advancement?

• Well developed nervous system

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4 parts to body?

• muscular and modified in each group used for
  crawling, burrowing, or may form tentacles for
  capturing prey
• thin layer that covers most of the body and
  secretes the shell
• made of calcium carbonate for protection
• area where internal organs are located.

• 1. Foot-
• 2. Mantle (covering)
• 3. Shell
• 4. Visceral mass

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Classification of Mollusks?

• Classified into three common groups based on
  shell presence and type and foot modification
• 1. Gastropods
• 2. Bivalves
• 3. Cephalopods

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Echinoderms Adaptations

• Development similar to vertebrates
• Water Vascular System

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Types of Echinoderms

• Sea Stars
• Brittle Stars
• Sea Urchins
• Sand Dollars
• Sea Cucumbers

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Arthropods jointed foot

• Major Groups
• Arachnids - Spiders and their relatives
• Crustaceans- lobster, shrimp and crayfish
• Centipedes
• Millipedes
• Insects and their relatives grasshopper,
  cricket, roaches, beetles

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Arthropods

• Characteristics
• Largest group of animals
• Have jointed appendages which include legs,
  antennae, claws and pincers
• Have bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies,
  exoskeletons, a body cavity, a digestive system
  with two openings and a nervous system
• Most have separate sexes and reproduce sexually

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Arthropods

• Body Segments
• Bodies of these animals are divided into
  specialized segments
• Exoskeleton
• A hard outer covering that supports and protects
  the internal body and provides places for muscle
  to attach.
• Doesnt grow as the animals does, it is shed and
  replaced during a process called molting

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Exoskeleton

• Advantages
  Disadvantages
• 1. protection 1. Must
  molt as animal grows
  2. prevents desiccation 2. limits size of
  animal

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Arachnids

• Have two body regions
• Cephalothorax and an abdomen
• Four pairs of legs and no antennae
• Many are adapted to kill prey with poison glands,
  stingers, or fangs
• Some are parasites

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Black Widow
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Arachnids

• Scorpions
• Have sharp, poison filled stinger at the end of
  abdomen.
• Have a well-developed appendages which they can
  grab their prey.
• Spiders
• Cant chew their food, release enzymes into prey
  to digest itthen suck the predigest liquid into
  its mouth.
• Have book lungs where O2 and CO2 are exchanged.

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Arachnids

• Mites Ticks
• Most are parasites
• Ticks have specialized mouthparts to remove blood
  from the host.
• Ticks often carry disease such as Lyme disease.

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Centipedes Millipedes

• Have long bodies and many segments, exoskeleton,
  jointed legs, antennae and simple eyes.
• Found in damp environments
• Reproduce sexually
• Centipedes are predators
• Millipedes feed on decaying plant matter.

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Centipede
Millipede
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Crustaceans
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Crustaceans

• Have one or two pair of antennae and mandibles,
  which are used for crushing food.
• Most live in water, but some live in moist
  environments on landsuch as pill bug.
• Have five pair of legs, first pair of legs are
  claws for catching and holding food.

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Crustaceans

• Swimmerets are appendages on the abdomen which
  help in movement and are used in reproduction
  also force water over the gills used in O2 and
  CO2 exchange

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Chelipeds capture prey defense
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Antennae touch taste
Chelipeds food and defense
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Antennae touch taste
Chelipeds food and defense
Antennule - balance
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Antennae touch taste
Chelipeds food and defense
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
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Antennae touch taste
Chelipeds food and defense
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
Cervical groove separation of head thorax
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Antennae touch taste
Chelipeds food and defense
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection

Cervical groove separation of head thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
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Antennae touch taste
Chelipeds food and defense
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection

Uropod- steering-
Cervical groove separation of head thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
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Antennae touch taste
Chelipeds food and defense
Antennule - balance
telson -
Rostrum - protection
X -

Uropod- steering-
Cervical groove separation of head thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
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Antennae touch taste
Chelipeds food and defense
Carapace outer covering of body
Antennule - balance
telson-
Rostrum - protection
X -

Uropod- steering-
Cervical groove separation of head thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
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Antennae touch taste
Walking Legs
Chelipeds food and defense
Carapace outer covering of body
Antennule - balance
telson -
Rostrum - protection
X -

Uropod- steering-
Cervical groove separation of head thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
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Green gland- removes liquid waste
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Green gland- removes liquid waste
Maxilliped taste hold food
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Green gland- removes liquid waste
Maxilliped taste hold food
Gill Chamber
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Green gland- removes liquid waste
swimmerets
Maxilliped taste hold food
Gill Chamber
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Green gland- removes liquid waste
anus
swimmerets
Maxilliped taste hold food
Gill Chamber
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Green gland- removes liquid waste
anus
Telson- backward movement
swimmerets
Maxilliped taste hold food
Gill Chamber
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Mandible grind food
anus
Telson- backward movement
swimmerets
Maxilliped taste hold food
Gill Chamber
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uropod
Mandible grind food
anus
Telson- backward movement
swimmerets
Maxilliped taste hold food
Gill Chamber
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Walking legs
uropod
Mandible grind food
anus
Telson- backward movement
swimmerets
Maxilliped taste hold food
Gill Chamber
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cheliped
Walking legs
uropod
Mandible grind food
anus
Telson- backward movement
swimmerets
Maxilliped taste hold food
Gill Chamber
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Insects

• Have three body regions
• 1.Head
• Has a pair of antennae, eyes and a mouth
• 2.Thorax
• Three pairs of legs and one or two pairs of wings
  if present are attached here
• 3.Abdomen
• Where reproductive structures are found

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Insects

• Bilateral Symmetry, cephalization, and well
  developed nervous systems
• Have an open circulatory system that carries
  digestive food to cells and removes wastes
• Insect blood doesnt carry O2 instead air enters
  and exits through openings called spiracles found
  on the abdomen and thorax
• Are the only invertebrate animals that can fly

Have some of the most specialized adaptations of
all arthropods
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Insects success

• Insects are extremely successful based these
  reasons
• Tough flexible, waterproof exoskeleton
• Ability to fly
• Rapid reproduction cycles
• Small sizes
• Use a variety of food sources
• Insects have other adaptations that allow them to
  be successful

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Insects Food

• Feed on a number of things have different mouth
  parts to obtain food
• Grasshoppers and ants have large mandibles for
  chewing
• Butterflies and honey bees have siphons for
  lapping up nectar
• Aphids and mosquitoes have mouth parts that are
  adapted for piercing into plants or other
  organisms

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Value of Arthropods

• A source of food
• Agriculture would be impossible without bees and
  other insects to pollinate crops
• Useful chemicals are obtain from some arthropods
• Important part of ecological community

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Controlling Insects

• Not all arthropods are of value some are pests
  that carry disease or can damage crops

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Controlling Insects

• Common ways to control insects
• Insecticides, but these also kill non-harmful
  insects
• Biological controls
• Types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be used
  to control insects
• Natural predators being released to kill the
  harmful insect
• Some how interfere with reproduction of the
  particular insect

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Insect Metamorphosis Crayfish Diagram
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Eggs laid by adult
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Young Larva
Eggs laid by adult
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Young Larva
Eggs laid by adult
Larva feeds on leaves
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Young Larva
Eggs laid by adult
Larva feeds on leaves
Mature Larva attaches to twig
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Young Larva
Eggs laid by adult
Larva feeds on leaves
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Larva begins to pupate (change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
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Young Larva
Eggs laid by adult
Larva feeds on leaves
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Larva begins to pupate (change)
Adult emerges from chrysalis
Pupa inside chrysalis
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Young Larva
Eggs laid by adult
Larva feeds on leaves
Adult eats nectar pollen and can fly
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Larva begins to pupate (change)
Adult emerges from chrysalis
Pupa inside chrysalis
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Young Larva
Eggs laid by adult
Larva feeds on leaves
Adult eats nectar pollen and can fly
What are the 4 stages of Complete Metamorphosis
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Larva begins to pupate (change)
Adult emerges from chrysalis
Pupa inside chrysalis
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Young Larva
Eggs laid by adult
Larva feeds on leaves
Complete Metamorphosis Egg Larva Pupa Adult
Adult eats nectar pollen and can fly
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Larva begins to pupate (change)
Adult emerges from chrysalis
Pupa inside chrysalis
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• Advantages
• Adults larvae do not compete for same food
  source

Young Larva
Eggs laid by adult
Larva feeds on leaves
Complete Metamorphosis Egg Larva Pupa Adult
Adult eats nectar pollen and can fly
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Larva begins to pupate (change)
Adult emerges from chrysalis
Pupa inside chrysalis
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Adult lays eggs
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Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
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Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
Nymphs do not have wings must molt as they grow
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Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings must molt as they grow
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Adult lays eggs
molt
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings must molt as they grow
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Adult lays eggs
molt
molt
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings must molt as they grow
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Adult- able to reproduce
Adult lays eggs
molt
molt
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings must molt as they grow
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Adult- able to reproduce
Adult lays eggs
molt
What are the three stages of incomplete
metamorphosis?
molt
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings must molt as they grow
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Adult- able to reproduce
Adult lays eggs
molt
Incomplete Metamorphosis Egg Nymph Adult
molt
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings must molt as they grow
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Advantage 1. Nymphs only job is to eat adults
only reproduce increases reproductive success
Adult- able to reproduce
Adult lays eggs
molt
Incomplete Metamorphosis Egg Nymph Adult
molt
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
molt
Nymphs do not have wings must molt as they grow