Animal Skeleton and External Anatomy

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Skeleton Overview

• The skeletal system consists of the bones and
  joints along with the cartilage and ligaments
  that occur at the joints.
• Bones Hard Tissue, mostly calcium, provides
  support and makes Red Blood Cells
• Ligaments Strong, white bands of tissue that
  connect two bones together at a joint

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Skeleton Overview

• Cartilage Hard tissue that prevents bones from
  grinding against each other.
• Joints Location of where two or more bones meet.
• Tendon Connects muscle to bone.

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1. Functions of the Skeleton

• The skeleton supports the body.
• The skeleton protects soft body parts.
• The skeleton produces blood cells.
• The skeleton stores minerals and fats.
• The skeleton (along with the muscles) permits
  flexible body movements.

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2. Classification of bones

• Bones are classified according to their shape.
• Long (Longer then they are wide)
• Short (Cube shapes, about equal lengths and
  widths)
• Flat (Platelike and have a broad suface)
• Irregular (Varied shapes with many connections)
• Round (Circular shape)

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2. Classification of bones

• Long Bones- Longer then they are wide)
• Longest bones providing support for the body
  giving it the rigidity (hardness) necessary to
  stand and move.

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EX Canon Bone, Pelvic, Ribs
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Long bones can act as levers
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2. Classification of bones

• Short Bones- (Cube shapted lengths and widths
  are about equal.
• Found in the joints and serve as hinges. They
  help cushion shock and protect long bones.

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• ExampleHoofs Feet

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2. Classification of bones

• Flat Bones (Platelike and have broad surfaces)

EX Skull
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2. Classification of bones

• Irregular Bones- (Varied shapes with many places
  for connections with other bones)

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3. Anatomy of a Long Bone
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3. Anatomy of a Long Bone
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3. Anatomy of a Long Bone

• Periosteum
• Outer layer
• Cushions the hard portion of the bone
• Repair of broken bones

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3. Anatomy of a Long Bone

• Compact Bone
• Beneath periosteum
• Layer of hard mineral matter
• Calcium
• Gives bones strength

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3. Anatomy of a Long Bone

• Spongy Bone
• Inside hard outer layer
• Fills ends of bones
• Lines hollow portions

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3. Anatomy of a Long Bone

• Red marrow
• Inside cavities of spongy bone
• Formation of red blood cells

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3. Anatomy of a Long Bone

• Yellow marrow
• Located inside hollow portion
• Fat storage cells
• Energy storage

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4. Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

• The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton
  and the appendicular skeleton

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Important Terms Related to the Skeleton

• Skeletons can be divided into two sections, which
  include
• Axial Skeleton.
• b. Appendicular skeleton

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4. Axial and Skeleton

• The axial skeleton lies in the midline of the
  body and contains the bones of the skull, the
  vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. (Colored
  Orange)

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Vertebrae are divided into five regions
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Cervical Vertebrae-The section in the neck
from the skull to the first rib.
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Thoracic-extends along the rib cage. Each of
these has a rib attached to each side.
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Lumbar-The area of the spinal column from the
last rib to the pelvis. Also referred to as the
loin.
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Sacral-Extends through the pelvic area.
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Coccygeal- The vertebrae that continue from the
pelvis to the end of the tail.
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4. Appendicular Skeleton

• Contains the bones of the fore and rear limbs.

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5. Joints

• Bones are joined together at joints. In most
  instances bones can articulate at the joints.
• Classified by the way they move.

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5. Joints

• Joints serve as hinges for the skeletal system.

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5. Joints

• There are 4 types of joints we will discuss
• Hinge
• Knee
• Ball and Socket
• Hip
• Gliding
• Vertebrae
• Fixed ( Cartliaginous)
• Skull

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5. Joints - Hinge
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5. Joints - Ball Socket
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5. Joints - Gliding
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5. Joints - Fixed
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Formation of Bones

• Bone is comprised of
• 26 minerals (mostly calcium phosphate and
  calcium carbonate)
• 50 is water
• 4 is fat
• 20 is protein
• Bone requires adequate amounts of vitamins and
  minerals in the ration.

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Choose a species
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Horse Skeleton
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Chicken Skeleton
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Horse Skeleton
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Unlabeled Horse Skeleton
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The skeletal system provides support for the
animal.
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The skeletal system provides support for the
animal.
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In general mammals have the same bones it
doesnt matter what species!! A few minor
differences 1 example people have a clavicle
and cows /horses do notCompare the skeletal
anatomy of the species shown on the next few
slides!
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Skeleton of a Cow
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Skeleton of a Cow

• 1. Cannon 8. Shoulder joint
• 2. Knee joint 9. Shoulder blade
• 3. Radius 10. Eye socket
• 4. Sternum 11. Horn cones
• 5. Elbow joint 12. Cervical vertebrae
• 6. Ulna 13. Dorsal vertebrae
• 7. Humerus

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Skeleton of a Cow

• 14. Lumber vertebrae 20. Knee joint
• 15. Sacrum 21. Tibia
• 16. Hip Bone 22. Hock joint
• 17. Caudal vertebrae 23. Ribs
• 18. Hip Joint 24. Pasterns
• 19. Femur 25. Coronary

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Skeleton of a Horse
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Skeleton of a Horse

• 1. Thoracic vertebrae 9. Tibia
• 2. Lumbar vertebrae 10. Fibula
• 3. Sacrum 11. Tarsus
• 4. Shaft of Ilium 12. Metatarsus
• 5. Coccygeal vertebrae 13. Stifle
• 6. Hip joint 14. Pubis
• 7. Femur 15. False ribs
• 8. Patella 16. True ribs

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Skeleton of a Horse

• 17. Proximal sesamoid bones 25. Elbow joint
• 18. Ulna 26. Sternum
• 19. Coffin joint 27. Humerus
• 20. Pastern joint 28. Shoulder joint
• 21. Fetlock joint 29. Scapula
• 22. Metacarpus 30. Mandible
• 23. Carpus 31. Facial bones
• 24. Radius 32. Cranial bones
• 33. Cervical vertebrae

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Skeleton of a Fowl
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Skeleton of a Fowl

• 1. Incisive 7. Scapula
• 2. Nasal 8. Fused Ribs
• 3. Occipital 9. Ilium
• 4. Ulula 10. Pygostyle
• 5. Ulna 11. Ischium
• 6. Radius 12. Pubis

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Skeleton of a Fowl

• 13. Femur 19. Coracoid
• 14. Fibula 20. Clavicle
• 15. Tibia 21. Cervical vertebrae
• 16. Metatarsus 22. Mandible
• 17. Sternum 23. Humerus
• 18. Patella

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Horse Skeleton
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Chicken Skeleton