Animal Kingdom One of 5 Kingdoms

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Animal KingdomOne of 5 Kingdoms what are the
others?

• Invertebrates (8 phyla)
• Vertebrates Phylum Chordata

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Lets start at the very beginning . . .

• Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphyla
• Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates)
• Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)
• Subphylum Vertebrata

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What is a Chordate?

• All chordates have 4 basic features that are
  present at some point during their life cycle
• Hollow Nerve Cord Nerve cord in which nerves
  branch out at regular intervals dorsal nerve
  cord
• Notochord (backbone) Long supporting rod that
  runs throughout body
• Paired structures (gill slits )in throat
• Muscular Tail Extends beyond anus (tailbone)
• Only 4-5 of animals are chordates
• Examples Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds

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The Generalized Structure of a Chordate
Section 30-1
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Subphylum Vertebrates

• Can be divided further into 5 classes
• Classes of Vertebrates include
• Cold blooded (ectotherm)
• Reptiles
• Amphibians
• Fish
• Warm blooded (endothem)
• Mammals
• birds

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Fish Basic Facts

• Fish live in nearly every single aquatic habitat
  imaginable
• Fish are aquatic vertebrates characterized by
  fins, scales, and gills
• Fish were the first vertebrates to evolve.
• Fish bring in Oxygen rich water through gills and
  remove oxygen poor water through gill slits
• Closed circulatory system
• Four chambered heart
• Swim bladder controls buoyancy
• Most are egg laying (external/internal
  fertilization)
• Most move by contracting opposite muscles

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Fertilization

• Many fish lay eggs
• External fertilization
• Process in which a sperm joins with an egg
  OUTSIDE of the body
• Internal fertiliation
• Process in which sperm join with an egg inside
  the body

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Groups of Fish

• Jawless Fish
• Have mouths of soft tissue with no true teeth.
• Have no bones
• Only vertebrates with no vertebral column as
  adults
• Lampreys, Hagfish
• Chondrichthyes
• Skeleton built entirely of cartilage
• Sharks, sea rays
• Osteichthyes
• Bony Fish have swim bladders
• Majority of fish fall in this order
• Carp, sea horse, perch, etc.

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Swim bladders

• Bony (Osteichthyes) fish have swim bladders
• Gas-gilled sac that gives fish buoyancy
• What is buoyancy?
• What can bony fish do because of the swim
  bladder?
• Create an analogy with something you may use and
  a swim bladder

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Sea Ray - Chondrichthyes
Lamprey Jawless Fish
Catfish - Osteichthyes
Whale Shark - Chondrichthyes
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Amphibians Basic Facts

• Amphibian double life
• Live in both water and land
• Most larvae are fishlike adults are terrestrial
  carnivores
• Larvae respire through skin/gills Adults use
  lungs
• Descendants of ancestral organisms that evolved
  some, not all, adaptations for life on land
• First appeared 360 million years ago
• External fertilization
• Closed circulatory system three chambered heart

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The Life Cycle of a Frog
Section 30-3
Adult Frog
Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one
to two years.
Young Frog
Frog eggs are laid in water and undergo external
fertilization.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to
several weeks later.
Fertilized Eggs
Tadpoles
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails
and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop
into terrestrial adults.
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Amphibians
Section 30-3
Amphibians
means
Double life
as
larvæ they live in
adults they live on
and have special adaptations such as
are
that allow for
that provide
that allow
are
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Groups of Amphibians

• Salamanders
• Long bodies and tails
• Adults are carnivorous
• Usually live in moist woods
• Frogs and Toads
• Lack tails
• Frogs have long legs and are usually tied to
  water
• Toads have shorter legs and not as closely tied
  to water
• Caecilians
• Legless animals that burrow in moist soil
• Have fishlike scales

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Spotted Salamander
Poison Dart Frog
Fire Bellied Toad
Caecilian
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Reptiles Basic Facts

• All reptiles have
• Dry, scaly skin helps prevent loss of body
  water in dry environments
• Terestrial eggs first animals to develop
  amniotic eggs that didnt need to be deposited in
  water
• Respire using lungs
• Internal Fertilization Most are egg-laying
• Ectotherms cannot internally regulate body
  temperature cannot live in cold climates
• Behavior controls body temp. (swimming,
  burrowing, basking, etc.)
• Closed circulatory system double loop
• Heart two atria/one or two ventricles

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Amniotic Eggs

• Top- Embryo
• Egg Shell
• Chorion
• Allantois
• Yolk

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Groups of Reptiles

• Turtles
• Shells
• Beaks (no teeth)
• Lizards and Snakes (Squamates)
• Shed Skin
• Jointed jaws/ skulls
• Crocodilians
• Large Snout- Big teeth
• Powerful tail
• Semi-aquatic
• Tuataras
• Only 2 species (New Zealand)- most have become
  extinct

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Coral Snake
Sea Turtle
Galapagos Tortoise
Iguana
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Nile Crocodile
North American Alligator
Tuatara
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Birds Basic Facts

• Nearly 10,000 modern bird species
• Birds are closely related to reptiles (scales on
  legs)
• Have outer covering made of feathers, two legs
  used for walking or perching, and forelimbs
  modified into wings
• Feathers separate birds from all other animal
  species
• Feathers provide insulation for warmth can
  generate on body heat
• Hollow bones- lighter for flight
• Beak/Bills adapted to type of food they eat
• Highly efficient respiratory system lungs only
  exposed to Oxygen rich air
• Internal fertilization amniotic eggs many mate
  for life

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Bird Groups

• Neorinthes (Modern birds) have 27 Orders of
  different bird groups (ex ducks, grouse,
  pigeons, pelicans, hawks, hummingbirds, owls,
  woodpeckers, and perching birds, etc.)

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Bird adaptations
Section 31-2
Birds
have the followingadaptations to flight
which are
that also
that power
that provide
that ensure
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Wings Feathers
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Purple Finch
Stork
Red-Tailed Hawk
Emu
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Mammals Basic Facts

• First true mammals appeared 220 million years ago
• Mammals flourished after dinosaurs became extinct
  65 million years ago
• Basic characteristics
• Hair
• Mammary glands produce milk to nourish young
• Breathe air
• Four chambered heart
• Endotherms can generate own body heat
• Internal fertilization care for young

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Mammal Groups

• Monotremes
• Lay eggs
• Duck-billed platypus and anteater
• Marsurpials
• Birth live young and develop in a pouch
• Kangaroos, koalas, opposums, etc.
• Placentals
• Young fully develop inside mother
• Nourished by a placenta

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