THE CIVIL WAR

1
THE CIVIL WAR

• ITS CAUSES, THE WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION
• STANDARDS 4.2-4.3

2
IMPACT OF WESTERN EXPANSION

• ON SLAVERY THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT
• 1. Southern arguments in favor of slavery.
• 2. Abolitionist arguments against slavery.
• 3. Types of abolitionists
• American Colonization Society
• Moderate
• Radical
• Leading abolitionists
• William Lloyd Garrison-
• Frederick Douglass-
• Sarah and Angelina Grimke-
• Harriet Tubman-
• Harriet Beecher Stowe-
• ON NATIVE AMERICANS
• Buffalo and Reservations
• Important battles between US troops and Native
  Americans

3
THE SAND CREEK MASSACRE AND THE BATTLE OF LITTLE
BIGHORN

• 1. Western expansion killed off the buffalo and
  the Indians of the Great Plains lost their way of
  life. Many of these were forced to move
  reservations. Most tribes hated living on
  reservations and as a result the 1800s were full
  of Indian uprisings.
• 2. 1861 US government broke a treaty with the
  Cheyenne Indians, the Indians went on the
  warpath.
• 3. US forces, under Col. Chivington, surprised
  the Cheyenne at Sand Creek, Colorado. It turned
  into a massacre. The army killed almost all the
  Indians at Sand Creek, mostly women and
  children.
• 4. In 1876, Sioux Indians led by Sitting Bull,
  Crazy Horse and Red Cloud attacked the 7th
  Cavalry under the command of Col. George A.
  Custer at the Little Bighorn River in Montana.
  Everyone in the 7th Cavalry was killed. It was
  the last Indian victory. By 1877 the Sioux were
  back on the Reservations in the Dakotas or
  Oklahoma.
• 5. Violence broke out in the Northwest when the
  army tried to move the Nez Perce under Chief
  Joseph to a reservation. For many months the Nez
  Perce avoided capture as they tried to make their
  way to Canada. They were stopped 30 miles from
  the border.
• 6. In 1890, the last important battle was
  Wounded Knee. Fear that the Ghost Dance of
  Wovoka was a sign for an uprising, prompted the
  army to attack the Sioux at Wounded Knee. 150
  unarmed Sioux were massacred.

4
A CENTURY OF DISHONOR AND THE DAWES SEVERALTY
ACT

• 1881 Helen Hunt Jackson wrote a book about Indian
  sufferings, A Century of Dishonor.
• In it she described the horrible way Indians had
  been treaty.. The worst land, broken treaties and
  the victims of massacres.
• Her book led to the passage of the Dawes
  Severalty Act in 1887.
• It abolished tribes and sold reservation land to
  individual families and conferred citizenship for
  those who purchased the land.
• Most Indians were not willing to give up their
  tribal connections and turned the act into a
  failure.
• WESTERN CULTURE
• MOTIVIATIONS FOR MIGRATING WEST
• 1. Religious Many missionaries went west to
  convert the Indians.
• Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter Day Saints
  (Mormons).
• Founder Joseph Smith, based on the Book of
  Mormon (given to him by the angel Moroni) later
  he was murdered in Nauvoo, Ill.
• Due to persecution Brigham Young led the Mormons
  to Utah.
• 2. Land Especially after the Civil
  WarHomestead Act (1862) 160 acres for free if
  one stayed on it for 5 years.last territory to
  open Oklahoma 1889 (Sooners)
• Morrill Land Grant Act AM colleges.

5
AMERICAS CULTURAL CHANGES 1810S-1860S

• 2ND GREAT AWAKENING
• Frontier religious movement
• Charles Finney
• Rise of Methodism, Presbyterianism and Baptists
• Christianizing the slaves.
• TRANSCENDENTALISM
• Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau
• REFORM MOVEMMENTS
• Education
• Treatment of the insane
• Feminism
• Prison reform
• Factory work systems
• Waltham-Lowell System
• Rhode Island System

6
THE CAUSES

• 1. SECTIONALISM
• 2. TARIFFS
• 3. THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT AND SLAVERY
• 4. COMPROMISE OF 1850
• 5. STATES RIGHTS

7
6. ELECTION OF 1856

• MAJOR ISSUES DIVIDE PARTIES
• IMMIGRATION
• SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES
• KANSAS
• PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
• CANDIDATES
• REPUBLICANS
• DEMOCRATS
• KNOW-NOTHINGS
• RESULTS
• ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN 1857-1861
• 7. DRED SCOTT CASE
• 8. BLEEDING KANSAS
• 9. LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES
• FREEPORT DOCTRINE
• 10. HARPERS FERRY
• 11. BROOKS-SUMNER CANING

8
12. ELECTION OF 1860

• CANDIDATES
• PARTIES AND THEIR PLATFORMS
• OUTCOME
• ATTEMPTED COMPROMISES
• SECESSION
• EVENTS AFTER THE ELECTION AND SECESSION
• CREATION OF CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT
• CSA DECLARED INDEPENDENCE
• WRITE CONSTITUTION
• CHOOSE PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT
• LINCOLNS ADMINISTRATION
• FT. SUMTER 4/12/1861
• 75,000 VOLUNTEERS, OTHER STATES SECEDE.

9
START OF THE WAR

• Confederate capital moved from Montgomery,
  Alabama to Richmond, Va.
• Lincoln asks Lee to lead his army. Lee declines.
• Lincoln appointed Irwin McDowell to lead the
  army.

10
COMPARISON OF THE BLUE AND THE GRAY
CATEGORY NORTH SOUTH POPULATION 25,000,000 9
,000,000 (40 slaves) INDUSTRY/ 95
factories Tredegar Iron Works AGRICULTURE food
crops 1 metal forge, 2 gun factories cotto
n, tobacco RAILROAD 3 x mileage of south,
Standard State gauge MILEAGE gauge MONEY Green
backs, gold supply No backing GOVERNMENT Establi
shed 1776 No foreign recognition
1861 NAVY Naval officers stayed loyal Very
few 100,000 sailors MILITARY Winfield Scott,
George McClellan Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jack-
LEADERS Irwin McDowell, Ulysses Grant, son, Jeb
Stuart, PTG Beau- William T. Sherman, Phil
Sheridan regard, James Longstreet CAUSE Save
the Union, free the slaves Southern Independence
11
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

• Unions major weaknesses
• Over confidence,
• Long lines of supply and communications
• Fight an offensive war
• Southern Advantages
• Defending home and way of life
• Better fighters
• Better Generals
• Weakness
• Cotton Diplomacy
• Civil War Names
• North Union, Federals, Yankees, Billy Yank,
  Blue, USA, Army of the Potomac, Army of the
  Cumberland
• SouthConfederacy, Rebs, Rebels, Johnny Reb,
  Gray, CSA, Army of Northern Virginia, Army of the
  Tennessee

12

• Names of Battles
• North closest physical feature (streams, creeks,
  churches, mountain)
• South closest village or town
• MAJOR BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR
• 1st Bull Run (Manassas) Virginia Railroad center
  July 1861
• Witnessed by 1000s of spectators anxious to watch
  only battle of Civil War!!
• North-Gen. Irwin McDowell, 35,000 troops
• South- PGT Beauregard, 22, 000 troops, with
  11,000 reinforcements led by Gen. Thomas Jackson
• Earned nickname Stonewall at this battle
• Great Skeedaddle US army routed and retreats
  toward Washington, DC
• Results
• South confident that they can win the war.
• North realizes war will not be 90 days long
• Lincoln replaces McDowell with George McClellan.

13

• ANACONDA PLAN (GEN. WINFIELD SCOTT)
• NAVAL BLOCKADE OF SOUTHERN COASTLINE
• CONSTANT MILITARY PRESSURE ON RICHMOND
• SEIZE TOTAL CONTROL OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
• SPLIT CONFEDERACY IN HALF
• ATTACK MID-SECTION OF THE DEEP SOUTH
• TRENT AFFAIR USS SAN JACINTO V. HMS TRENT
  11/8/1861
• MONITOR V. MERRIMACK (CSS VIRGINIA) 3/9/1862
• McCLELLANS PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN 4/1862 7/1862
• (w) BATTLE OF SHILOH (PITTSBURG LANDING, TN.)
  APRIL 6,7, 1862
• (w) APRIL 25, 1862, NEW ORLEANS FELL.
• (e) AUG. 29, 30, 1862 BATTLE OF 2ND BULL RUN

14
POLITICAL ISSUES OF THE WAR

• NORTH
• 1. Copperheads Pro-Southern Northerners.
  Knights of the Golden Circle and Sons of Liberty.
  
• Most were Democrats from the Border States.
• Clement Vallandigham (D-Ohio).
• Lincoln tried most of the Copperheads in Military
  Courts and suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus.
  They were treated as political prisoners.
• 2. Economy 1861-1862 North experienced a
  recession.
• But as the war progressed it turned into
  prosperity especially for farmers and those that
  manufactured war related items.
• 3. Draft Law 1863.
• It was unpopular with the poor and immigrants.
• 300 could get one out of the draft or a
  substitute could be hired.
• Rich mans war, poor mans fight.
• 1863 Draft Riots in NY City killed more than 100
  people.
• 4. Keeping Border States loyal to the Union.
• Martial Law.
• SOUTH
• 1. Draft Law 1862
• Exemptions Plantation owner with more than 20
  slaves. Hire substitutes. Rich mans war, poor
  mans fight.
• 2. The Economy From 1861-1865
• Depression, starvation, famine and the blockade
  was taking its toll on the people.

15
THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

• Nov. 1864
• FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO OUR FATHERS
  BROUGHT FORTH ON THIS CONTINENT, A NEW
  NATION,CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY, AND DEDICATED TO THE
  PROPOSITION THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL. NOW
  WE ARE ENGAGED IN A GREAT CIVIL WAR TESTING
  WHETHER THAT NATION, OR ANY NATION, SO CONCEIVED
  AND SO DEDICATED, CAN LONG ENDURE.
• WE ARE MET ON A GREAT BATTLEFIELD OF THAT WAR.
  WE HAVE COME TO DEDICATE A PORTION OF THAT FIELD,
  AS A FINAL RESTING PLACE FOR THOSE WHO HERE GAVE
  THEIR LIVES THAT THAT NATION MIGHT LIVE. IT IS
  ALTOGETHER FITTING AND PROPER THAT WE SHOULD DO
  THIS.
• BUT IN A LARGER SENSE, WE CANNOT DEDICATEWE
  CANNOT CONSECRATEWE CANNOT HALLOW THIS GROUND.
  THE BRAVE MEN, LIVING AND DEAD, WHO STRUGGLED
  HERE, HAVE CONSECRATED IT FAR ABOVE OUR POOR
  POWER TO ADD OR DETRACT. THE WORLD WILL LITTLE
  NOTE, OR LONG REMEMBER WHAT WE SAY HERE, BUT IT
  CAN NEVER FORGET WHAT THEY DID HERE. IT IS FOR
  US THE LIVING, RATHER, TO BE DEDICATED HERE TO
  THE UNFINISHED WORK WHICH THEY WHO FOUGHT HERE
  HAVE THUS FAR SO NOBLY ADVANCED. IT IS RATHER FOR
  US TO BE HERE DEDICATED TO THE GREAT TASK
  REMAINING BEFORE USTHAT FROM THESE HONORED DEAD
  WE TAKE INCREASED DEVOTION TO THAT CAUSE FOR
  WHICH THEY GAVE THEIR LAST FULL MEASURE OF
  DEVOTION THAT WE HERE HIGHLY RESOLVE THAT THESE
  DEAD SHALL NOT HAVE DIED IN VAINTHAT THIS NATION
  UNDER GOD, SHALL HAVE A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOMAND
  THAT GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE, FOR
  THE PEOPLE, SHALL NOT PERISH FROM THE EARTH.

16

• ELECTION OF 1864
• CANDIDATES
• ISSUES
• RESULTS
• UNION VICTORY
• 1. MARCH 1864 GRANT NAMED SUPREME COMMANDER OF
  ALL UNION FORCES.
• 2. USING THE NORTHS NUMERICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
  SUPERIORITY BEGAN TO HAMMER AWAY AT LEE.
• June- 1864- April 1865 Grant fought a war of
  attrition.
• April 7Battle of Farmville, Va. 1/3 of Lees
  army surrendered to Grant.
• APRIL 9, 1865, LEE WAS SURROUNDED AT APPOMATTOX
  COURTHOUSE, VA.Lee surrendered to Grant
• April 14, 1865 LINCOLN ASSASSINATED John Wilkes
  Booth
• April 26, 1865 GEN. JOSEPH JOHNSTON SURRENDERED
  TO GEN SHERMAN AT DURHAM, NC. THE WAR HAD ENDED.
• May 1, 1865 Confederate government disbanded
  Abbeville, SC
• May 10, 1865 Jefferson Davis captured in
  Irwinville, Ga.

17
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SOUTH

• 1865 THE UNION HAD BEEN PRESERVED. LONG BEFORE
  THE END OF THE WAR PRESIDENT LINCOLN HAD ALREADY
  LAID OUT HIS PLAN FOR REBUILDING OR
  RECONSTRUCTING THE SOUTH.
• LINCOLNS PLAN 1862-63 PRESIDENTIAL
  RECONSTRUCTION
• 1. HAITIAN IMMIGRATION FOR EX-SLAVES. 1862
• 2. FREEDMANS BUREAU ACT 1862
• GOVERNMENT AID TO THE NEWLY FREED EX-SLAVE.
  HOUSING, HEALTH CARE, EDUCATION AND 50 ACRES OF
  LAND. FIRST USED AT HILTON HEAD ISLAND, SC.
• 3. HOMESTEAD ACT 1862
• 50 ACRES OF LAND IN THE WEST FOR FREE IF ONE
  LIVED ON IT AND WORKED IT FOR 5 YEARS.
• 4. PROCLAMATION OF AMNESTY AND RECONSTRUCTION
  DEC. 1863
• METHOD FOR READMITTING EX-CONFEDERATE STATES TO
  THE US.
• 10 OF VOTERS TAKE AN OATH OF ALLEGIANCE TO US.
• DRAFT A STATE CONSTITUTION BANNING SLAVERY.
• PARDON ALL EX-CONFEDERATES WHO TOOK OATH AND
  ACCEPTED ABOLITION.
• 1864 ARKANSAS, LOUISIANA, AND TENNESSEE
  READMITTED.

18
CONGRESSIONAL OPPOSITION

• RADICAL REPUBLICAN MEMBERS OF CONGRESS THOUGHT
  LINCOLNS PLAN WAS TOO LENIENT. THEY FELT THAT
  THE SOUTH SHOULD BE PUNISHED FOR WHAT THEY HAD
  DONE.
• CALLED FOR BLACK VOTING RIGHTS.
• SOUTHERN ACCEPTANCE OF BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS.
• PROPERTY DISTRIBUTION TO EX-SLAVES.
• CONGRESS REFUSED THE READMISSION OF LA., ARK.,
  AND TENN. UNTIL THOSE REFORMS WERE ENACTED.
• JULY, 1864 WADE-DAVIS BILL
• 50 LOYALTY AND ABOLITION OATH
• DISENFRANCHISEMENT OF ALL HIGH RANKING
  EX-CONFEDERATES.
• POCKET VETOED BY LINCOLN. SPLIT THE REPUBLICAN
  PARTY
• LINCOLNS ASSASSINATION NEVER GAVE HIM A CHANCE
  TO RESPOND TO CONGRESS DEMANDS
• PRES. ANDREW JOHNSONS PLAN
• MAY 1865
• BLANKET AMNESTY FOR ALL BUT THE HIGHEST RANKING
  CONFEDERATE OFFICIALS, MILITARY OFFICERS AND FOR
  THOSE WITH MORE THAN 20,000 OF TAXABLE PROPERTY.
• NORTH CAROLINA MODEL AMNESTY AND OATHVOTING
  RIGHTS, INTERIM GOVERNORAPPOINTED BY PRESDIENT
  UNTIL ELECTIONS.

19
DIVISION OVER RECONSTRUCTION

• RADICALS IN CONGRESS OPPOSED LIMITING VOTING
  RIGHTS TO WHITES ONLY.
• RADICALS IN CONGRESS BELIEVED JOHNSON WAS
  PLANNING TO RESTORE WHITE SUPREMACY IN THE SOUTH.
• MODERATES BELIEVED IN LIMITED BLACK RIGHTS BUT
  STILL SUPPORTED THE PRESIDENT.
• 13TH AMENDMENT SENT TO THE STATES SPRING 1865
  PROHIBITED SLAVERY
• SOUTHERN DEFIANCE
• WITH CONGRESS RECESSED FOR THE REST OF 1865
• 1. NO SOUTHERN STATE GAVE ANY RIGHTS TO BLACKS.
• 2. JOHNSON ISSUED PARDONS TO HIGH-RANKING
  EX-CONFEDERATES ON CASE-BY-CASE BASIS.
• 3. SOUTHERN STATES IN THE FALL OF 1865 REELECTED
  EX-CONFEDERATES TO LOCAL, STATE AND NATIONAL
  OFFICES. ALEXANDER STEPHENS REELECTED TO THE
  SENATE FROM GEORGIA.
• 4. SOUTHERN STATE GOVERNMENTS PASSED BLACK
  CODES.
• BLACKS COULD NOT TESTIFY IN COURT AGAINST WHITES.
• BLACKS COULD NOT SERVE ON JURIES OR VOTE.
• BANNED INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE.
• RESTRICTED BLACKS TO CERTAIN JOBS AND CERTAIN
  AREAS TO LIVE.
• BLACKS HELD TO STRICT VAGRANCY LAWS
• BLACKS RETURNED TO CONDITIONS OF SEMI-SLAVERY.
• THIS ANGERED MANY NORTHERNERS.

20
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

• 1866NEW FREEDMENS BUREAU ACT (MARTIAL LAW TO
  PROTECT BLACKS) VETOED
• 1866 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT (VETOED BUT OVERRIDDEN)
• 186614TH AMENDMENT passed by Congress, sent to
  states for approval
• 1867RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867 (VETOED BUT
  OVERRIDDEN)
• ALL SOUTHERN STATES KICKED OUT OF UNION
• SOUTH DIVIDED INTO 5 MILITARY DISTRICTS
• READMITTED WHEN NEW CONSTITUTIONS GUARANTEE BLACK
  RIGHTS
• RATIFY 14TH AMENDMENT
• DISENFRANCHISE ALL EX-CONFEDERATES
• TENNESSEE THE FIRST TO COMPLY
• TENURE OF OFFICE ACT OF 1867
• IMPEACHMENT OF ANDREW JOHNSON (FEB. 1868)
• 14th Amendment ratified
• POLITICAL POWER IN THE SOUTH CONTROLLED BY
• CARPETBAGGERS, SCALAWAGS, BLACKS
• Purchase of Alaska 7.2 million
• Overthrow of Mexican emperor Maximilian I in
  1867.

21
WHITE REACTION TO THE RADICAL GOVERNMENTS IN THE
SOUTH

• ELECTION OF 1868
• CANDIDATES
• GRANTS PRESIDENCY
• 15th Amendment ratified 1870
• FORMATION OF WHITE TERRORIST GROUPS
• Force acts 1870, 1871
• TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD COMPLETED-1869
• THREAT OF WAR WITH ENGLAND
• TREATY OF WASHINGTON 1872
• SCANDALS
• ELECTION OF 1872
• 3 CANDIDATES
• ISSUES
• PANIC OF 1873
• SLAUGHTERHOUSE CASES 1873
• CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1875
• ELECTION OF 1876
• Candidates Democrats
• Republicans

22
PRESIDENCY OF RUTHERFORD B. HAYES

• HAYESS ADMINISTATION
• HOME RULE RETURNS TO THE SOUTHBOURBON RULE
• SOUTH ENACTS SEGREGATION LAWSJIM CROW LAWS
• DE JURE
• DE FACTO
• FEDERAL GOVERNMENT RETURNS VOTING PRACTICES BACK
  TO THE STATES
• LITERACY TESTS
• GRANDFATHER CLAUSES
• POLL TAXES
• POLITICAL PARTIES CHANGE
• REPUBLICANS
• PARTY SPLIT
• STALWARTS
• HALF-BREEDS
• BASE CHANGED
• BELIEFS CHANGED
• DEMOCRATS
• STRONG WITH IMMIGRANTS AND LABOR UNIONS
• BECAME MORE LIBERAL ON MANY SOCIAL ISSUES

23
THE SEGREGATED SOUTH

• CIVIL RIGHTS CASES 1883
• CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1875 UNCONSTITUTIONAL
• PLESSY V. FERGUSON, 1896
• SEPARATE BUT EQUAL LEGALIZED
• WILLIAMS V. MISSISSIPPI, 1898
• USE OF VOTER REGISTRATION ROLLS FOR JURY
  SELECTION LEGAL.
• BLACK RESPONSE TO SEGREGATION
• ATLANTA COMPROMISE 1895
• BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
• CREATION OF NAACP (Niagara Movement)
• W.E.B DUBOIS
• HENRY TURNER