Foundations of civilization

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Foundations of civilization
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The Neolithic Revolution

• I. Neolithic Revolution Growth of Agriculture
• A. Agricultural Revolution changes in human
  life as a result of the beginning of farming
  most likely caused by a climate change
• 1. slash and burn farming trees and grass
  cut down and burned to clear land
• 2. domestication of animals tamed,
• used for work, steady source of
  food
• 3. led to people living in one place
• 4. crops based on soil and climate

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B. Growth of Villages

• 1. 4 Great River Valley Civilizations Nile,
  Indus, Huang He, Tigris-Euphrates
• 2. rivers flooded leaving behind silt
  fertilized soil
• 3. rivers also used for irrigation,
  transportation, fishing, attracting animals
• 4. Economic Changes
• a. due to food surpluses not everyone had to
  farm some became artisans and traded their
  products
• b. invention of the wheel and sail allowed
  for trade over long distances
• 5. Social Changes
• a. social classes develop
• b. religion becomes more important

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C. How Civilization Develops 5 Characteristics
SWACC

• 1. Specialization (Specialized Workers)
• a. specialization development of skills in
  a certain area
• b. artisans skilled workers who make goods
  by hand
• 2. Written Records
• a. scribes professional record keepers
• b. cuneiform first form of writing
• invented by the Sumerians

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C. How Civilization Develops 5 Characteristics
SWACC (continued)

• 3. Advanced Technology new tools and
  techniques
• a. Bronze Age Sumerians began using
  bronze instead of copper or stone
• b. irrigation systems
• 4. Complex Institutions long lasting pattern of
  organization government, religion, economy
• 5. Cities centers for trade

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Early River Civilizations

• Mesopotamia Tigris Euphrates Rivers
• Egypt Nile River
• Indus Indus River
• China Huang He River (Yellow River)

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II.Ancient Mesopotamia modern day Iraq

• A. The Fertile Crescent
• 1. Arc of fertile land stretching from the
  Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea
• 2. Mesopotamia land between the rivers
  valley between Tigris-Euphrates rivers rivers
  flooded unpredictably left silt and supported
  agriculture
• 3. Crossroads of the World land route
• from Asia, Africa and Europe
• 4. No natural barriers
• frequently conquered
• 5. Rivers also supported trade
• and transportation

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Ancient Mesopotamia continued

• B. Sumerians oldest known civilization
• 1. Several city-states large, independent
  cities banded together for protection
• 2. Each city-state worshipped their many gods
  polytheistic
• 3. Only priests could please gods most lived in
  fear of gods
• 4. Built ziggurats tall, pyramid shaped temples

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Ancient Mesopotamia continued

• 5. Wars between city-states led to growth of
  military leaders
• 6. Social Classes also begin ruling class,
  middle class, farmers/slaves
• 7. Invented writing to keep religious records
  cuneiform written by scribes
• 8. Also first known civilization to use the wheel
• 9. Used 12 month calendar, math for surveying,
  irrigation systems
• 10. Conquered by 2500 B.C., by 1750 B.C. totally
  gone

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Hammurabi

• C. Hammurabi Babylonian king, established
  empire in Mesopotamia _at_1790 B.C.
• 1. Known for Hammurabis Code 1st written set
  of laws
• 2. 282 laws regarding family, trade, real estate
  used to
• unify empire
• 3. basic principal eye for an eye
• 4. established civil law private rights
• 5. established the state/government as authority
  to
• enforce the law

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• D. Smaller City-States
• 1. Phoenicians traders Carriers of
  civilization shipbuilders seafarers
• a. their great legacy The Phoenician
  alphabet to record transactions
• 1. improved alphabet by using 22 symbols for
  sounds (phonics)
• 2. influenced Greek and Roman alphabets
• b. modern day Lebanon
• c. what did people want from them?
• 1. cedar wood
• 2. dyed red-purple cloth
• 3. oil
• 4. wine
• 5. weapons

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• 2. Hebrews
• a. Belief in one Supreme God monotheistic
• b. Early history recorded in Old Testament
• c. Migrated to Egypt, became slaves led to
  freedom by Moses believe God gave them
  Palestine (Canaan)
• d. Established nation of Israel in Jordan
  River Valley
• e. Flourished under King David Solomon
• f. Practice religion and influence two later
  religions Christianity and Islam

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• 3.Hebrew Religion
• a. Monotheistic one God (Yahweh)
• b. Early Hebrews feared a fierce and vengeful
  God later believed he was wise and forgiving
• c. Laws based on ethics people should lead
  moral lives
• d. Torah first five books of the Bible
  includes history laws
• e. Ten Commandments set of laws revealed to
  Moses by God Hebrews made a covenant with God
  if they follow laws, He will protect them
• f. Less severe than Hammurabis Code but no one
  is above Gods law
• g. Prophets messengers sent by God

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On to Ancient Egypt

• III. Ancient Egypt
• A. Geography The Nile River Valley
• 1. Nile is longest river in the world longer
  than length of U.S.
• 2. Source of Life in Egypt
• 3. Flooded every July following rainy season of
  central Africa
• 4. Flood waters carried silt fertilized soil

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• B. Natural Barriers
• 1. Lybian and Nubian Deserts on each side of Nile
  River
• 2. Mediterranean and Red Seas served as barriers
• 3. Cataracts on Nile River rapids and
  waterfalls
• 4. Protected Egypt from invaders
• 5. little contact with other cultures

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• C. Pharoahs kings of ancient Egypt
• 1. Dynasty rule passes down
  through family
• a. absolute power
• b. considered a god on earth
• c. theocracy type of
  government ruled by
  religious leaders / divine beings
• 2 2. Pyramids
  resting place for kings (pharaohs)
  after death
• 3. Mummification process of embalming and
  drying a corpse
• a. to prevent decay
• b. purpose soul could return to body later in
  the afterlife

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Egyptian blessing ?

• D. Egyptian Civilization and Society
• 1. Based on nature polytheistic many gods
• 2. Amon Re sun god
• 3. Life after death those judged worthy go to
  the Happy Field of Food/Beautiful Other World

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• E. Egyptian Writing
• 1. Developed to keep religious records
• 2. Hieroglyphics earliest form of Egyptian
  writing began on wood and stone later used
  papyrus to make paper
• 3. Rosetta Stone found in 1799 translated
  in 1822 led to translating other writings and
  more knowledge of Egyptian government

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• E. Education
• 1. Schools established to train priests
• 2. Students taught reading, writing, math,
  religious rituals
• 3. Students became scribes or learned a trade
• 4. Scribes kept religious government records
• 5. Becoming a scribe allowed someone a way to
  move up in class

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• F. Scientific and Mathematical Accomplishments
• 1. Surveying land to find property lines after
  floods
• 2. Measured area of squares and circles
• 3. Figured volume of cylinders and spheres
• 4. Calendar 12 months, Flood Season, Plant
  Season, Harvest Season adopted by Greeks and
  Romans into modern calendar
• 5. Erected stone monuments
• 6. Studied human anatomy performed
• surgery methods later used by
• Greeks Romans

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And nowAncient India

• IV. India
• A. Geography The Indian
• Subcontinent large land mass attached to a
  continent
• 1. Large peninsula water on three sides
  Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal
• 2. Mountains Himalayas in the north Hindu Kush
  in NW
• 3. Indus River foundation of civilization
• 4. Barriers caused people of India to be isolated
  from rest of the world

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Ancient India

• 5. Early peoples developed trade via oceans
  Khyber Pass in Hindu Kush Mountains
• 6. Monsoons seasonal winds and rain caused
  flooding of Indus River
• 7. Floods were unpredictable
• 8. Three Regions Northern
• Plains, Deccan Plateau,
• Coastal Plains

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B. Early Civilization

• 1. Indus River civilization grew about same time
  as Egyptian Sumerian
• 2. Larger city-states than Egypt or Sumeria
  little is known about them
• a. cannot decipher writing
• b. cities cannot be excavated because of
  location on Indus River
• 3. Ruled by priest-king polytheistic
• 4. Thrived on agriculture first to grow cotton
• 5. Harappan and Aryan peoples lived here

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• C. Caste System
• 1. Social Classes based on birth, children belong
  in same caste as parents
• 2. Cannot mix and marry, cannot move up
• 3. untouchables lowest class, outcasts from
  society
• 4. Women
• i. lived with obeyed husband
• ii. widows unlucky and isolated
• iii. Wealthy men had more than one wife first
  wife had most control wanted sons to carry on
  family line and perform sacrifices

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• D. Dynasties
• 1. The Maurya Empire
• a. Chandragupta Maurya unified North India
• i. to support war efforts he levied
  taxes on citizens
• ii. to hold empire together he
• 1. divided empire into
  provinces provinces
• into districts
• 2. created bureaucratic
  government
• 3. assessed taxes
  enforced laws

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Mauryan Dynasty continued

• b. greatest leader was Asoka converted to
  Buddhism moral leader
• i. treated subjects fairly, humanely, with
  religious tolerance
• ii. empire declines after his death

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• 2. The Gupta Empire
• a. 500 years after the Maurya
• b. United much of India
• c. Ruled from A.D. 320 until A.D. 550
• d. Accomplishments/advances in
  science, math medicine

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• E. Indus Advances
• 1. Art and literature based on Buddha
• 2. Math
• i. developed concept of 0 created symbol for
  it
• ii. developed decimal system and numerals 1-9
• iii. Hindu-Arabic numerals replace Roman numerals
• 3. Medical
• i. scalpel
• ii. set broken bones
• iii. plastic surgery (learned by Europeans 1,000
  years later)
• 4. Architecture
• a. stupas dome
  shaped shrines for
  Buddha monks

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And Finally, Ancient China.

• V. China
• A. Geography
• 1. Very large area
• 2. Fertile river valleys support agriculture
• 3. Four regions surround China
• a. Manchuria
• b. Mongoliac. Sinkaingd. Tibet

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• 4. Yellow River (Huang He)
• a. floods leave loess (huge amounts of silt)
  fertilized soil
• b. flooding unpredictable
• c. provides water for irrigation, fishing,
  transportation
• d. rainfall varies, droughts floods are common
• e. River of Sorrows

Just because theyre cute, thats why!
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• B. Early Civilizations
• 1. Geographic barriers size limited contact
  with other people
• 2. Thought they were unique center of the world
• 3. Zhonggouo Middle Kingdom
• 4. Conquerors adopted Chinese culture customs
• 5. Writing
• a. pictographs ideographs
• b. oracle bones used for telling the
  future advice answers
• c. Calligraphy fine handwriting

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• C. Dynasties series of rulers from a single
  family
• 1. Shang 1600 B.C. 1122 B.C.
• a. developed writing, lasted 3500 years
• b. 50,000 characters, simplified to 10,000
• c. Polytheistic Shang-Di main god 2
  forces Yin Earth, darkness, female
  forces Yang Heaven, light, male forces
  (balance rest/cannot exist w/o each
  other)
• d. bronzemaking, yoke, harness,
  spoked wheel
• e. pottery (porcelain), jade, ivory

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• 2. Zhou Dynasty 1027 B.C. 256 B.C.
• a. conquered Shang said Mandate of Heaven
  gave them the authority to do so
• b. Mandate of Heaven rulers had divine
  approval to be rulers i. dynasty
  was blessed if it ruled wisely ruler must
  provide good government ii. gods
  protected rulers Dynastic Cycle pattern of
  rise, decline, replacement of
  dynasties iii. Wicked or foolish kings
  could lose Mandate of Heaven

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• ZHOU Dynasty continued
• c. Developed bureaucracy organized government
• d. Controlled lands through feudalism political
  system where nobles, or lords, are granted the
  use of lands belonging to the king i. nobles
  owe loyalty and military service to king
  protection to those on their estates
• e. Improvements i. roads canals ii.
  coined money iii. blast furnaces
• f. Decline fall nomads attacked the capital
  Zhou kings fled lords fought neighboring lords
  for power claiming to be kings in their own
  territory

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• 3. Qin Dynasty took over after Zhou
• a. Shi Huangdi First Emperori. strengthen
  the trunk weaken the branches
• ii. all noble families had to live
  in the capital (so he could watch
  over them)
• iii. split China into 36 provinces
  ruled by Qin officials
• b. Autocracy government with unlimited power
  uses power arbitrarily (randomly)
• c. Shi Huangdi had the Great Wall of China built
  to prevent invasions (1400 miles)

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• 4. Han Dynasty 202 B.C A.D. 220 Refer to
  chart in your notes ?

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• D. Confucianism based on family and education
• 1. Based on teachings of Confucius Chinese
  philosopher (551 B.C. -479 B.C.)
• 2. Ethical Code of Conduct, loyalty, courtesy,
  hard work, kindness
• 3. Not a religion, but a philosophy
• 5 relationships
• filial piety
• merit

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• E. Legalism
• 1. Beliefs of Han Fei Tzu efficient government
  meant stable society
• 2. government must force ethical conduct
• 3. Unquestioned
  loyalty
  obedience to authority
• 4. Ruler should
  reward
  obedience punish
  disobedience

?Sounds like a good time.
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• F. Daoism (Taoism)
• 1. founder Laozi (Lao Tzu)
• 2. natural order over social order
  (incorporates ALL living things)
• 3. Dao the Way guides all living things
  only
• humans fail to follow (way to go
  usinsert sarcasm)

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• G. Chinese Culture Spreads
• 1. Silk Roads caravan routes across Asia
• 2. Ideas, goods, culture spread from China to
  Asia Europe
• 3. Nobody traveled the entire way Example
  Mediterranean merchants to Central Asian nomads
  to Chinese traders

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