Foundations Unit Review

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Foundations Unit Review
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What is a civilization

• Society with high levels of culture and social
  organization
• Formal states, writing, cities, trade, etc
• Where did the first civilization emerge?
• Along river valleys (3500 BCE)
• What contributes to the development of
  civilization
• Specialization of labor (steady supply of food
  allows other people to build, invent, create
  tools, art, govt. etc

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MAPS
http//www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/maptext_n2/s
tart1.html
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Fertile Crescent

• Fertile Crescent
• - Crossroads to the world?
• Also known as Mesopotamia

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Writing

• Cuneiform
• -Oldest in the World
• -Wedge depressions
• in clay tablets
• -Formed from a reed stylus
• -Most important contribution

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The Code of Hammurabi

• first written set of laws
• 282 laws
• Eye for an eye, life for life What does that
  mean?

Hammurabi Babylonian Leader 1792-1750 B.C.E
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Egypt The Gift of the Nile

• 4,160 miles longest river in the world
• Predictable flooding
• carried rich deposits of silt along with it.
• primary means of communication and
  transportation.

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Discuss the image of the pharaoh and the reason
for construction of the pyramids.

• Pharaoh
• god on earth
• maintain maat, the divine order of the universe
• He was the link between the people and the gods,
  therefore ensuring the welfare and prosperity of
  the country.
• The death of the pharaoh was a critical
• because the well-being of the state depended on
  him.
• every effort was made to ensure that he had a
  safe journey back to the gods in his afterlife.

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Mummification

• Mummify to preserve a sound body for the Ka to
  return to
• 70 day process
• Improper embalming leads to second true death

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(No Transcript)
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Genealogy
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Judaism

• The Israelites were monotheistic, believing in
  one true God.
• The Israelites believed God to be all-knowing,
  all-powerful, and present everywhere.
• The Israelites believed that they were Gods
  chosen people.

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Teachings on Law and Morality

• The laws of the Torah address all aspects of
  life, from cleanliness and food preparation to
  criminal matters.

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Indus Valley Civilization33001300 BCE, flowered
26001900 BCE

• The earliest Indian civilization flourished for
  about 1,000 years, then vanished without a trace.

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Indus Valley Civilization

• Well-organized government
• Carefully planned cities
• Modern plumbing and sewer system

Public Bath at Harappa
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Timeline of Chinas Earliest Dynasties
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Religious beliefs of the Shang

• Veneration of ancestors
• people prayed to ancestors who would speak to the
  gods on their behalf
• Oracle bones
• Used by Shamans to understand the will of the
  gods and to foresee the future
• Wrote a question on animal bones or turtle shells
  and heated it till it broke
• When it cracked priests interpreted the lines
• Gods controlled the forces of nature and shaped
  destinies.

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importance of the Mandate of Heaven in the
transition from the Shang to the Zhou period

• Mandate of Heaven
• Used to legitimize and strengthen their claims to
  the Shang domain
• chief god Heaven
• the king was the Son of Heaven
• kings rule was a product of the Mandate of
  Heaven
• Incompetent or otherwise unfit would lose the
  Mandate of Heaven
• allowed the development of important largely
  secular philosophies during the Zhou period.

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Teachings of Confucius

• Confucius The Analects
• His ideas included that everyone has duties and
• responsibilities
• Filial piety, or respect for parents, is the most
  important duty.
• A ruler has the responsibility to provide good
  government. In return, the people would be
  respectful and loyal subjects.
• Government leaders and officials should be well
  educated.
• Harmony is achieved when people accept their
  place in society.

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Legalism

• People are evil
• Emphasized the importance of strict laws and
  harsh punishments
• Strong leader and central government
• Became official policy of Qin dynasty

Hanfeizi
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Daoism

• Emphasized living in harmony with nature, for
  example, improving oneself mentally and
  physically.
• A direct reaction to the formalism of
  Confucianism
• Daoism looked for the simple
• Confucianism more concerned with work ethic and
  proper conduct

Laozi
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Yin and Yang

• They are the dynamic force of the Tao, constantly
  interacting with one another
• Ying and Yang
• The female is the yin (shady)
• principal of passive, shaded, and reflective.
  (moon)
• The male is the yang (sunny)
• principle of active, bright, and shining. (sun)

Yang "sun
Yin "moon"
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The Dynastic Cycle in China
The dynastic cycle refers to the rise and fall of
dynasties.
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Qin Dynasty

• Shi Huangdi (first emperor) wiped out the Zhou
  and conquered northern China uniting under
  central government
• Enforced legalism

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How Did Shi Huang di Unite China? 

1. He replaced feudal states with military districts
   governed by loyal officials.
2. He sent spies to report on local officials.
3. He forced noble families to live in his capital
   so he could monitor them.
4. He jailed, tortured, and killed those who opposed
   his rule.
5. He had all books of philosophy and literature
   burned.
6. He standardized weights measures, coins, laws
7. He connected the various parts of the Great Wall
   and expanded it. 4,000 miles

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Han Dynasty

• The Han dynasty ruled from 207 B.C.E to 220 CE
  rivaled Roman empire in power and achievement

Emperor Wudi
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Han Dynasty

• Established a civil service examination for
  public posts
• Based on merit
• Opportunities for all males. Really?

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Describe the rise of the Han dynasty in China.

• The Han
• portrayed themselves as more benevolent than the
  Qin and subscribed to a Confucian code of
  responsibility.
• Education
• Allowed the most educated to serve in government
  post (gentry class)
• Economy
• supplied the wealth and taxes to support the
  Chinese people and the Han government.
• Public Service
• All males had to donate 1 month every year to
  government projects and 2 years in the military.

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Describe the lives of the Chinese people during
the Han

• Family
• The basic Chinese social unit
• included all previous generations.
• Confucian influence
• loyalty, obedience, respect, and honor.
• Each member of the family had a place in the
  hierarchy and a proper role to play.
• Women
• subordinate the roles of women, who were
  controlled by their fathers, husbands, or sons.
• not considered proper for women to participate in
  public life or business
• Arranged marriages

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Carthage
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Carthage

• Why did they decline?
• Destroyed by the Romans during the third Punic
  wars 146 BCE
• What happened to them?
• Deported / integrated by the Romans
• Some scholars suggest fire and salt was use to
  destroy their crops and civilization? Maybe not
  why?

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Persian Empire under Darius, 521-486 B.C.E.
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How did Darius maintain control of his empire?

• Persian control -
• building and patrolling the royal roads
• Postal system / trade routes
• combining central organization with local
  traditions and ordinances.
• Adapted the use of secret agents (used formerly
  by Assyrians)
• Why were the Persians successful rulers?
• willing to adapt to local circumstances, to learn
  from those with experience, and to utilize the
  skills of non-Persians

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Describe Persian religious beliefs during the
height of the Persian Empire.

• Explain Zoroastrianism
• Founder Zoroaster may have lived between
  (600-1800BCE)
• fostered the belief in one supreme deity
• encouraged moral and ethical virtues
• promised salvation
• Saw the world as a struggle between good and evil
• Good will prevail
• used by Persian leaders to portray the king as
  having a mandate to bring order to a tumultuous
  world.

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The Mycenaean World of Ancient Greece
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Environment

• How did environmental constraints shaped Greek
  political structures, commerce, and society?
• Small city-states developed
• Lack of natural resources and the need for
  agricultural supplies spurred the growth of
  maritime commerce.
• Contact with other peoples brought in new ideas
  and technologies.

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Sparta

• Military Society
• Gov led by two kings and 20 counselors
• largest and most sophisticated army in the known
  world
• Forbade trade, travel and free speech!
• Needed army to control slave (helot) population
• Outnumbered 20 to 1
• Control lasted over 250 years.

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Spartan Military Life

• Army governed life
• What did it mean for a man?
• Trained in military
• -Started at age 7
• -Marry at 20 but live
• in barracks
• -Retire at 60
• 53 years of service!
• Males can vote at 30

Reading Sparta, The training of Youth
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Athens

• It is the place where democracy was born.

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Athenian Democracy

• Only those with both parents born in Athens could
  have citizenship
• Athens had a direct democracy all male citizens
  had the right to attend the Assembly and a vote.
• met 40 times a year
• No elections, leaders chosen by drawing lots
• Member of 500

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Women Athens VS Sparta

• Sparta
• Taught to read and write
• Women were trained in athletic events
• Produce strong healthy babies (prefer males)
• Taught loyalty to the state
• Had Property Rights
• No political power

• Athens
• Seldom allowed in public
• No formal education
• Could not own property
• Primarily responsible for house and domestic
  duties
• No political power
• Marriage
• Purpose was to create male offspring

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The Persian Wars Overview

• The threat of the powerful Persian empire united
  the Greek city-states.
• Around 500B.C. Greeks were attacked by the
  Persians
• Greeks joined together to fight Persians
• 3 Persian Wars (499-479 BCE)

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The Peloponnesian War The Alliance System Fails!
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The Peloponnesian War Effects

1. Persia gained control of many city-states
2. Defeated democracy in Greece
3. Sparta would eventually fall to Persia
4. Athens cultural influence continues

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The Three Great Greek ThinkersWho are they?
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Socrates

• Socratic Method
• question answer approach helped people
  recognize they didnt have all the answers!
• Know thy self
• Self-examination leads to correct behavior and
  ethical living.

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The Empire of Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Great (336-323) B.C.E.

• Accomplishments
• Conquers Egypt, Mediterranean Sea region, Persia,
  and far as Pakistan
• Declared pharaoh in Egypt
• Alexander had encouraged blending by marrying a
  Persian woman and adopting Persian customs.

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Explain what is meant by the Hellenistic Age.

• The Hellenistic Age was a period that followed
  the conquests of Alexander
• lasting from about 323 to 30 B.C.E.
• During the Hellenistic Age, Greek culture acted
  as the dominant influence
• northeastern Africa and western Asia
• The Hellenistic Age boasted new forms of science,
  art, and scholarship.
• The city of Alexandria in Egypt epitomized the
  Hellenistic Age through its art and architecture,
  its great library, and its cosmopolitan culture.
• Long after Greeks ceased to exert any direct
  political control on those areas, their culture
  remained a powerful influence.

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Ancient Rome
From a Republic to an Empire
509 B.C. 476 A.D.
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The Roman Republic GovernmentSee handout
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Dictator
2
Consuls
300 men
Senate
Patricians
Majority of Population
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The Roman Republic GovernmentSee handout
1
2
300 men
Tribunes
Majority of Population
Plebeians
No power
Slaves
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The Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE

• Rome vs. Carthage
• Fought 3 Punic Wars why?
• To dominate western Mediterranean trade and
  islands

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Describe the failure of the Roman Republican
system of government.

• Whats wrong with the senate?
• Greed and self-interest replace good virtues
• Examples of corruption
• While Roman farmers were abroad fighting for the
  empire, the privileged and powerful purchased or
  otherwise took possession of the peasants land.
• What happened to the returning soldiers?
• Lost land and soldier status because military was
  only open to men with property
• What do ambitious generals do?
• Allow landless men to enter the ranks, their
  loyalties lay with the generals who rewarded them
  with land and money.

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The Rise of Julius Caesar

• Elected consul in 60 B.C.
• Accomplishments
• Conquered territories
• Gaul, Germanic tribes, Britain
• Seen as a military hero-
• Becomes dictator for life in 45 B.C.E

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Distributed free grain
Army veterans given land
Aligned with the solar year
Colonies established for trade
Provided jobs for poor
Course of Tiber River altered
Built roads bridges to connect empire All
roads lead to Rome
Libraries, temples Forum built
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Roman Empire

• Augustus laid the foundation for a stable
  government that would function well for 200
  years.
• This period was called the Pax Romana.
• Roman army was reorganized from a defensive to an
  offensive war
• Was there really 200 years of peace?

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The Empire Expands
How did the empire maintain control and
communication?
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Good Emperors

• Marcus Aurelius, last good emperor of the Pax
  Romana era.
• Strong sense of duty
• Philosopher Emperor
• His son began the reign of bad emperors leading
  to Romes decline.

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Two Reformers

• Diocletian
• Divided the empire into two parts to make it
  easier to govern

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Constantine

• Continued Diocletians reforms
• Converted to Christianity and granted toleration
  to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of
  Christianity
• Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the
  eastern part of the empire the center of power

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Divided Empire

• Weaker co-emperor in Rome
• Best generals serve eastern emperor
• No western leadership
• Capital moved to Constantinople

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Foreign Invasions

• A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of
  Hun and Germanic invasions.
• 476 CE end of the Western Roman empire

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5
Review The Decline and Fall of Rome
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Spread of Christianity