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Blackout in Sweden andEastern Part of
Denmark2003-09-23
Sture Lindahl 2003-10-05 Industrial Electrical
Engineering and Automation sture.lindahl_at_iea.lth.s
e
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The Nordel System
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The Affected Region
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Outage Cost

• Interrupted power ?? 5 000 MW
• Average outage time ?? 4 hours
• Outage cost ?? 50 SEK/kWh
• Total outage cost ?? 1000 MSEK

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Consumption in Sweden

• Before outage ? 15 000 MW
• Winter peak 25 000 - 27 000 MW
• Section-4 power flow 2 200 MW

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Situation before Disturbance
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Generation Outages
Gx
G1 G2
G1, G2 G3
G1 G2
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Transmission Outages
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The First Event (1230)

• The nuclear unit Oskarshamn G3 was ramped down
  from 1 135 MW to zero because of a problem with a
  valve in the feed-water system.
• The ramping down of Oskarshamn G3 was initiated
  manually
• The reduction of power took about one minute

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The First Event (1230)
G3
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The System Frequency
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The System Frequency
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The Second Event (1235)

• A disconnector in the 400 kV substation Horred
  failed (reason unknown) and caused a two-phase
  fault
• Correct clearing of the fault was initiated from
  the busbar protection
• The circuit breakers operated correctly

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R
R
R
T
Varmgång
Bilaga 3
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Damaged Disconnector
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Damaged Disconnector
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The Second Event (1235)
Busbar Fault
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The Second Event (1235)
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Voltage Level
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Voltage Level
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Voltage Level
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Voltage Level
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Power Flow
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Power Flow
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Power Flow
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Power Flow
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Tap Changers
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Tap Changers
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Tap Changers
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(No Transcript)
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The System Frequency
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The System Frequency
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What we saw of the black-out

• Voltages and frequency recorded on 23 September
  2003 at Chalmers
• (Math Bollen, 24-9-2003)

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First a few words about the measurements. These
measurements were obtained by two different
instruments at two different locations in our
building. a Medcal monitor connected to the
wall-outlet in my office (single phase). This
monitor records min, mean and max every minute.
Upon triggering a two-cycle sample of the
waveform is obtained. a Unipower monitor
connected to the main busbar in our
laboratory (three phases). This monitor records
min, mean and max every minute. Upon triggering
a 2.5-second record of the rms voltages is
stored. The clocks of the two monitors are not
synchronous. The main voltage dip (1235
according to SvK) had the following time
stamps Medcal 124106 Unipower 123111
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0.5-cycle rms voltages during and after the main
dip
oscillation points to instability!
normal dip due to two-phase-to-ground fault
time stamp 123111
Unipower
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rms voltages six seconds later
cause of dips is unclear.
time stamp 123117
Unipower
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frequency recordings during the whole afternoon
the three curves show maximum, minimum and
average over each 1-minute period
the main disturbance around 1230
minor disturbance around 1800
MedCal
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This shows the frequency variations during the
first disturbance in more detail
the main dip was recorded here
loss of South Sweden
frequency remains high due to loss of load
loss of Oskarhamn 3
loss of Ringhals 34
MedCal
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Recordings from Odensala
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Voltage Restoration

• The 400 kV network was essentially restored after
  1 hour

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Genopretningen minut for minut

• 12.38 Elkraft System forbereder at sætte spænding
  på hele højspændingsnettet
• 13.20 Elkraft System venter på, at Kyndbyværket
  starter
• 13.41 Vi får tilladelse til at koble os til
  Sverige men kun med et meget lille forbrug
  (max. 200 MW)
• 13.46 Østdanmark kobler til Sverige.
  Højspændingsnettet er i gang

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Genopretningen minut for minut

• 13.54 Elkraft System giver tilladelse til, at en
  del af forbrugerne får strøm igen
• Københavns Energi kan tilkoble forbrugere
  svarende til 50 MW
• NESA kan tilkoble forbrugere svarende til 50 MW
• SEAS kan tilkoble forbrugere svarende til 25 MW
• NVE kan tilkoble forbrugere svarende til 25 MW

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Genopretningen minut for minut

• 14.15 Første kraftværksblok kører igen
  (Kyndbyværket)
• 14.16 Svenska Kraftnät melder, at vi kun må
  trække 100 MW fra Sverige
• 14.31 Asnæsværket blok 5 forsøger at starte, men
  kan ikke. Asnæsværket blok 2 forsøges herefter
  startet
• 14.53 Stigsnæsværket blok 2 havarerer ved opstart
• 14.57 Gasturbine på Masnedø kommer i gang (55 MW)

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Genopretningen minut for minut

• 15.00 Københavns Energi får lov at give ekstra 10
  procent af forbrugerne strøm
• 15.22 Gasturbine på Kyndbyværket kommer i gang
• 15.25 Yderligere 10 procent af forbrugerne hos
  SEAS tilkobles
• 15.29 Endnu en gasturbine på Kyndbyværket kommer
  i gang
• 16.42 Københavns Energi får tilladelse til at
  give DSBs fjerntog strøm

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Genopretningen minut for minut

• 16.57 Systemet er stabilt nok, til at
  vindmøllerne gradvist kan tilkobles
• 18.18 En dieselgenerator på Kyndbyværket sætter
  ud
• 18.25 Asnæsværket blok 2 kommer i gang
• 18.33 Asnæsværket blok 5 havarerer ved opstart og
  er ikke kommet i gang endnu
• 19.05 NVE, NESA, KE og SEAS får tilladelse til at
  tilkoble resten af forbrugerne

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Conclusion

• Outage of 20 of Sweden
• Outage of 50 of Denmark
• Voltage restoration time 1 hour
• Load restoration was depending on start-up time
  of generating units
• Outage cost about 1 000 MSEK

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Additional Information

• http//www.elkraft-system.dk/elkraft/dk/Nyheder.ns
  f
• http//www.svk.se/
• http//www.abebooks.com/