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Restoration and Enlightenment

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Title: Restoration and Enlightenment


1
Restoration and Enlightenment
  • (1660-1798)
  • What does restoration mean?
  • The act of reintroducing, reviving, or bringing
    back something.
  • Restoration here refers to the return of the
    monarchy (sole absolute ruler, usually for life
    and by hereditary right), which in turn signaled
    a return to social and political stability.

2
History
  • Oliver Cromwell Roundhead 1599-1658
    Puritan note Puritans were a group of English
    Protestants, felt Church of England too closely
    associated with Catholic Church in many ways
  • Under Cromwell, the Royalists were defeated and
    Charles I was executed (1649).

3
History
  • The son of Charles I, Charles II, is exiled to
    France.
  • The monarchy is abolished and a republic
    established.
  • What is a monarchy?
  • form of government in which supreme authority is
    vested in a single and usually hereditary figure,
    such as a king, and whose powers can vary from
    those of an absolute despot to those of a
    figurehead

4
History
  • What is a republic?form of government in which
    the people or their elected representatives
    possess the supreme power

5
History
  • What is a democracy?
  • political or social unit governed ultimately by
    all its members

6
History
  • What form of government does the United States
    have?
  • It is a true republic that practices a form of
    democracy.
  • In the United Kingdom, people vote for
    representatives in Parliament, the countrys
    lawmaking body), but they also have a monarch as
    a figurehead.

7
History back to Cromwell
  • Cromwell, and after his death, his son, leads the
    Commonwealth of England (1649-1660).
  • Oliver Cromwell invades Ireland (1649-1650) and
    Scotland (1650-1651)

8
Restoration
  • In 1660, a new Parliament invited Charles II to
    return from exile in France and assume the throne
  • Milton arrested for his propaganda writings,
    Andrew Marvell used his political status to free
    Milton and quite possible saved his life
  • On January 30, 1661, after the Royalists had
    returned to power, Cromwells corpse (he died in
    1658) was
  • what strange thing supposedly happened to his
    body?

9
  • Anglicanism returns as state religion
    (previously under Cromwell, it was Protestant)
  • Charles II dies (1668) - has no legitimate heirs
  • Who takes the throne?
  • His Catholic brother, James II (1685-1688)
  • 1688 - Glorious Revolution
  • Also known as?
  • Bloodless Revolution
  • This campaign began because the Whigs in
    Parliament wanted to replace James II

10
  • James II has a Catholic son, James Francis Edward
    The Pretender but the Whigs are not
    supportive of the Catholics
  • So, who takes the throne?
  • James IIs Protestant daughter, Mary, and
  • her husband, William, take the throne
  • 1707 Scotland unites with England and Wales as
    Great Britain

11
Enlightenment
  • What does enlightenment mean?
  • The act of educating, informing, or bringing
    knowledge.
  • Enlightenment here refers to the philosophical
    movement that emphasized the use of reason in
    ethics, government, and logic, to obtain
    objective truth about the universe.

12
Philosophy
  • The 17th century - a time when scientific
    advances explain things previously attributed to
    God
  • Philosophy during this time concentrated on
    epistemological questions
  • Epistemology study of the origin, nature,
    methods, and limits of human knowledge (asks
    what can truly be known about reality)

13
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
  • English political philosopher who replaced the
    idea of divine justification of political
    authority with absolute sovereignty (domination)
  • For Hobbes, this was the only kind of government
    that could resolve problems caused by the
    selfishness of human beings

14
Thomas Hobbes
  • Human nature basically selfish
  • people act on evil impulses
  • people should not be trusted to make decisions
    on their own
  • even with abuses of power, life under the
    absolute ruler preferable to living in chaos

15
Thomas Hobbes
  • state of nature condition of humanity before
    the STATEs foundation before the laws
  • state of nature began to be used as a term in
    social contract theories. In this state,
    people have the natural right to do anything to
    preserve safety or liberty.

16
Thomas Hobbes
  • State of nature is the state of human beings
    without civil society war of every person
    against every person

17
Thomas Hobbes
  • Hobbes believed people would behave immorally
    towards one another
  • His state of nature is solitary, poor, brutish,
    and short.

18
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19
Thomas Hobbes
  • He says you need to abandon your efforts to
    satisfy your egoistic impulse and join society in
    order to achieve peace and survive

20
Thomas Hobbes
  • The compromise or covenant, as Hobbes calls it,
    is the agreement among people to abide by a
    certain set of rules (the laws of society) and
    submit to a sovereign

21
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
  • French philosopher and mathematician

Portrait of René Descartes Frans Hals, 1649oil
on panel19 14 cm National Gallery of Denmark
22
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
  • Note Renaissance (1485-1660)
  • Restoration/Enlightenment (1660-1798)
  • Questions whether the whole of our experience
    may be part of a dream/imagination we are
    willing to take for granted a great deal that
    might be false or uncertain (The Matrix Men in
    Black (the locker?)

23
Rene Descartes
  • What Descartes determines to be true is
  • - I exist (I think, therefore I am)
  • - God exists and
  • - God is not deceiving us.

24
Rene Descartes
  • Virtuous behavior depends on free will rather
    than on grace (the free and unmerited favor or
    beneficence of God)
  • Free will is the sign of God in human nature. It
    concentrates on the internal authority of reason,
    not the external authority of religion
  • Argues that we are born with innate ideas
    (born within us) (God)

25
Cartesian Circle
Copy this ??
  • The Cartesian Circle is circular reasoning used
    by Descartes to show that whatever he perceives
    clearly and distinctly is true.
  • Descartes argued that his own clear and distinct
    perception was a guarantor of truth. This would
    be so because God, who cannot be a deceiver,
    would not allow Descartes to be mistaken about
    that which he clearly and distinctly perceived.
    The existence of God, however was predicated
    solely on Descartes having a clear and distinct
    perception of the thought of God, which
    necessarily required the existence of God.
  • This approach is saying A is true because B is
    true, and B is true because A is true. Each
    affirms the other, but there is no outside
    affirmation (outside of the circle) of the truth
    of either A or B.

26
John Locke (1632-1704)
  • English philosopher, emphasizes individualism
    and religious tolerance, laying the groundwork
    for modern democracy
  • human nature characterized by reason and
    tolerance (e.g. peace) (opposite of Hobbes
    self-interested cooperation)
  • every branch of human knowledge--including
    religion--is based on experience and reflection
  • Known as empiricism (all knowledge comes from
    sense experience)

27
John Locke
  • his theology is aligned with Deism a.
    belief based on reason, and rationality, and
    observation of the natural world b. no reliance
    on religious authority for confirmation of God
  • c. God created the world and then abandoned it
  • bases his politics on religious grounds

28
John Locke
  • the law of nature is a God given set of rules
    and principles of right and justice
  • as opposed to Hobbes, Locke sees the normal
    state of nature as one in which people live
    together in peace and according to reason

29
John Locke
  • State of nature is one of peace, goodwill,
    mutual assistance, and preservation whereas
    Hobbes state of nature is one of malice,
    violence, and mutual destruction

30
John Locke
  • Whereas Descartes argues the idea of innateness
  • Locke asks how do you know they are innate?
    What experience, what sensory observations offers
    support? Locke argues that the mind is a blank
    slate
  • (Frankensteins creation)

31
Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
  • Genevan philosopher (Republic of Geneva)
  • His childhood consisted of solely reading
    Plutarchs Lives and Calvinist sermons
  • (Frankensteins creation)
  • Human society based on a contract between the
    government and the governed

32
Human Nature
  • Defined as a set of characteristics, including
    ways of thinking, feeling, and acting, that human
    beings have in common

33
Jacques Rousseau
  • His theory of the social contract is based on the
    assumption that humans live in a state of
    nature which is not ideal they need to enter
    into a contract with each other, allowing them to
    live in peace and harmony

34
Jacques Rousseau
  • Human nature is not static but evolves according
    to the sorts of civilizations that form it
  • Attributed evil not to human nature but to
    society, insisting that in the natural state a
    human being was essentially good and happy a
    noble savage
  • (Frankensteins creation ??)

35
Jacques Rousseau
  • Noble savage represents goodness and simplicity
    when not encumbered by civilzation
  • (e.g. Enkidu in Epic of Gilgamesh)
  • This idea of the noble savage led to the
    sentimentalized perception of Native Americans
    and Africans by British writers (Brave New World)

36
  • The state of nature eventually degenerates into a
    brutish condition without law or morality, at
    which point the human race must adopt
    institutions of law or perish

Laws must be made by legislative assembly
composed of all citizens who are then obliged to
obey their own laws as subjects
Need to obey that which is for the greater good
of the state, thus eroding individual rights
(e.g. airport security, USA Patriot Act)
37
Directions Create this chart and fill it in to
help when studying for the Final Exam.
Hobbes Locke Rousseau Descartes
State of nature
society
Reality ------ --------
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