Restoration Period

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Restoration Period

• Featuring information on the restoration period,
  A Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift, Satire and
  Ethos, Pathos, Logos.

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The Restoration

• The Period begins with the beheading of one king
  and ends with the beheading of another. In
  between, a civil war and five revolutions created
  a new and different world.
• -Taken from Prentice Hall Literature the
  British Tradition (pg 466)

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Time Line of the Restoration

• 1642 -Charles I was the reigning King. He had
  been struggling with Parliament over political
  and religious authority until civil war broke
  out. The Kings supporters were the Cavaliers
  (left) and the Parliamentary forces were the
  Roundheads (right) led by Oliver Cromwell.

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• 1649 After 6 brutal years of war Charles I was
  defeated and captured. He was tried by his
  subjects and condemned to death. He was
  beheaded in January at which point the Parliament
  took control.
• 1653 Growing frustrated with the constant
  quarrelling of the Parliament, Oliver Cromwell
  seized power and became the Lord Protector of
  England. He reigned until his death in 1658.

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• 1660- Charles II returns from exile in France and
  assumes the throne in a restored monarchy.
  Charles II ruled for 15 years, up until his
  death. Charles II died without an heir.
• 1685 James II takes the throne after his
  brothers death. James II was a catholic which
  made the country uneasy, but they were willing to
  have him as King while they waited for his heir,
  Mary a devout protestant, to take the throne.
  Unexpectedly, the aging King had a son.

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• 1688- The nobles, rich merchants, and other
  powerful citizens would not stand for a Catholic
  Dynasty. In a bloodless coup d'état, James II,
  his wife and son were forced into exile. Mary
  took the throne and this was known as The
  Glorious Revolution.

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Satire

• Satire is a genre of literature, and
  sometimes graphic and performing arts, in which
  vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held
  up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of
  shaming individuals, and society itself, into
  improvement. Satire is used in many works of
  literature to show foolishness or vice in humans,
  organizations, or even governments - it
  uses sarcasm, ridicule, or irony. Satire can be
  used in a part of a work or it can be used
  throughout an entire work.

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The many faces of Satire

• A satirist can direct the satire toward one
  individual, a whole country or even the world. It
  is sometimes serious, acting as a protest or to
  expose, or it can be comical when used to poke
  fun at something or someone.
• Satire examples from media include
• Weekend Update from Saturday Night Live
• The Daily Show
• The movie Scary Movie
• The movies of Austin Powers
• Most political cartoons in newspapers and
  magazines
• The songs of Weird Al Yankovic

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The forms of Satire

• Satire examples can also be found in the form of
  irony, parody, and sarcasm.  

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Irony

• In irony, words are used to show the opposite of
  the actual meaning. The three kinds of irony are
• Verbal irony - where what you mean to say is
  different from the words you use
• Situational irony - compares what is expected to
  happen with what actually does happen
• Dramatic irony - uses a narrative to give the
  audience more information about the story than
  the character knows

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Parody

• A parody is also called a spoof, and is used to
  make fun or mock someone or something by
  imitating them in a funny or satirical way.
  Parody is found in literature, movies, and
  song.  

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Sarcasm

• Sarcasm is a sharp or cutting statement like a
  taunt or jibe, meant to really drive a point
  home. It can be meant to give pain and can
  include irony. On the other hand, sometimes you
  can make a point and still be funny.
• Here are some examples of sarcasm that are
  humorous, but still get their meaning across.
• Paul Newman said, It's always darkest before it
  turns absolutely pitch black.
• Steven Bishop remarked, It's a catastrophic
  success and I feel so miserable without you,
  it's almost like having you here.
• Oscar Wilde wrote, I am not young enough to know
  everything.

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Jonathan Swift

• Satire is a sort of glass wherein beholders do
  generally discover everybody's face but their
  own which is the chief reason for that kind
  reception it meets with in the world, and that so
  very few are offended with it. But, if it should
  happen otherwise, the danger is not great and I
  have learned from long experience never to
  apprehend mischief from those understandings I
  have been able to provoke for anger and fury,
  though they add strength to the sinews of the
  body, yet are found to relax those of the mind,
  and to render all its efforts feeble and
  impotent. .... Wit without knowledge being a sort
  of cream, which gathers in a night to the top,
  and by a skilful hand may be soon whipped into
  froth but once scummed away, what appears
  underneath will be fit for nothing but to be
  thrown to the hogs.
• - From the Preface of Swift's The Battle of
  the Books (1704)

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Life Introduction

• Jonathan Swift, a posthumous child, was born in
  Dublin, Ireland, of an English family, which had
  important connections but little wealth.
• Through the generosity of an uncle, he was
  educated at Kilkenny Grammar School and then
  Trinity College in Dublin.
• Between 1689 and 1699 he worked as a private
  secretary to a distant kinship Sir William
  Temple, a retired diplomat.

• And there he also received a first-rate education
  in politics through contact with Temple and many
  other well-known politicians, learning much about
  the vice, hypocrisy, intrigues, deception and
  corruption in the political world.

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Swifts Concerns in his Work

• Moral attributes
• Swift was a man of great moral integrity and
  social charm. He had a deep hatred for all the
  rich oppressors and a deep sympathy for all the
  poor and oppressed.
• Human nature
• His understanding of human nature is profound. In
  his opinion, human nature is seriously and
  permanently flawed. To better human life,
  enlightenment is needed, but to redress it is
  very hard. He intends not to condemn but to
  reform and improve man nature and human
  institutions, there is often an under or overtone
  of helplessness and indignation.

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Swifts Artistic Features

• Satire
• His satire is usually masked by an outward
  gravity and an apparent earnestness which renders
  his satire all the more powerful.
• Simplicity and Directness
• Swift is always most unsurpassed in the writing
  style of simple, direct, precise prose. He
  defined a good style as proper words in proper
  places. Clear, simple, concrete diction,
  uncomplicated sentence structure, economic and
  conciseness of language mark all his
  writingsessays, poems and novels.

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Ethos-Pathos-Logos

•  General Summary of Aristotle's Appeals . . .The
  goal of argumentative writing is to persuade your
  audience that your ideas are valid, or more valid
  than someone else's.
• The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided the means
  of persuasion, appeals, into three
  categories--Ethos, Pathos, Logos.
• Ethos (Credibility), or ethical appeal, means
  convincing by the character of the author. We
  tend to believe people whom we respect. One of
  the central problems of argumentation is to
  project an impression to the reader that you are
  someone worth listening to, in other words making
  yourself as author into an authority on the
  subject of the paper, as well as someone who is
  likable and worthy of respect.
• Pathos (Emotional) means persuading by appealing
  to the reader's emotions. We can look at texts
  ranging from classic essays to contemporary
  advertisements to see how pathos, emotional
  appeals, are used to persuade. Language choice
  affects the audience's emotional response, and
  emotional appeal can effectively be used to
  enhance an argument.
• Logos (Logical) means persuading by the use of
  reasoning. This will be the most important
  technique we will study, and Aristotle's
  favorite. We'll look at deductive and inductive
  reasoning, and discuss what makes an effective,
  persuasive reason to back up your claims. Giving
  reasons is the heart of argumentation, and cannot
  be emphasized enough. We'll study the types of
  support you can use to substantiate your thesis,
  and look at some of the common logical fallacies,
  in order to avoid them in your writing.

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Example of Ethos

• "I will end this war in Iraq responsibly, and
  finish the fight against al Qaeda and the Taliban
  in Afghanistan. I will rebuild our military to
  meet future conflicts. But I will also renew the
  tough, direct diplomacy that can prevent Iran
  from obtaining nuclear weapons and curb Russian
  aggression. I will build new partnerships to
  defeat the threats of the 21st century terrorism
  and nuclear proliferation poverty and genocide
  climate change and disease. And I will restore
  our moral standing, so that America is once again
  that last, best hope for all who are called to
  the cause of freedom, who long for lives of
  peace, and who yearn for a better future."
• -Democratic Presidential Candidate Acceptance
  Speech by Barack Obama. August 28th, 2008.

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Example of Pathos

• "I am not unmindful that some of you have come
  here out of great trials and tribulations. Some
  of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells.
  And some of you have come from areas where your
  quest -- quest for freedom left you battered by
  the storms of persecution and staggered by the
  winds of police brutality. You have been the
  veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work
  with the faith that unearned suffering is
  redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to
  Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to
  Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the
  slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing
  that somehow this situation can and will be
  changed."
• -I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King Jr.
  August 28th, 1963.

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Example of Logos

• "However, although private final demand, output,
  and employment have indeed been growing for more
  than a year, the pace of that growth recently
  appears somewhat less vigorous than we expected.
  Notably, since stabilizing in mid-2009, real
  household spending in the United States has grown
  in the range of 1 to 2 percent at annual rates, a
  relatively modest pace. Households' caution is
  understandable. Importantly, the painfully slow
  recovery in the labor market has restrained
  growth in labor income, raised uncertainty about
  job security and prospects, and damped
  confidence. Also, although consumer credit shows
  some signs of thawing, responses to our Senior
  Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending
  Practices suggest that lending standards to
  households generally remain tight."
• -The Economic Outlook and Monetary Policy by
  Ben Bernanke. August 27th, 2010.