The Restoration

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The Restoration The 18th Century

• 1660-1800

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Why is it called the Restoration?

• Charles II becomes king after 10 years of
  parliamentary rule under Oliver Cromwell
• All changes made under Cromwell are voided
• Return of the Anglican Church
• Return of aristocracy as high point of
  existence
• Return of religious persecution of all
  non-Anglicans

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OTHER NAMES

• Enlightenment
• Age of Reason
• NeoClassical Period
• Augustan Age
• It was a return to ideals first presented by
  the ancient Greeks and Romans.

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KEY EVENTS

• 1666 Great London Fire
• 1685-1688 Reign of James II
• tries to reestablish Catholic church
• 1688-1689 Bloodless Revolution
• succession of Protestant rulers William Mary
• 1695 Penal Laws
• deprives Irish Catholics of rights
• 1707 England, Wales Scotland become Great
  Britain
• 1714 George I becomes king, cannot speak
  English
• 1760 George III becomes king, loses American
  colonies
• 1775 American Revolution begins
• 1789 French Revolution begins
• 1799 Rosetta Stone discovered
• Napolean becomes emperor of France

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SOCIETY

• RICH
• Lived lavishly
• Heavily ornamented clothing, rich fabrics
• Heavy makeup (men/women)
• High, fancily dressed wigs (men/women)
• High heels (men/women)
• Spent time attending parties, theatre, balls
• Beginning of resort cities - Bath

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Images of clothing from Restoration perios
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Womens clothing from Restoration period
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Resort City of Bath
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SOCIETY

• POOR
• Lived in dirty, overcrowded slums
• Poor sanitation
• Disease-ridden
• Spent much time in debtors prison
• Victims of alcoholism

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Images of the poor
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SCIENCE

• Sir Isaac Newton
• published Mathematical Principles of Natural
  Philosophy
• Robert Hooke
• contributed to astronomy, biology, physics
  chemistry
• Lady Mary Wortley Montague
• introduces inoculations for smallpox
• Robert Boyle
• began modern study of chemistry

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INVENTIONS

• Cheddar Cheese
• Gas streetlights
• Address Directory
• Lightning Rod

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RELIGION

• Persecution of all non-Anglicans
• began mass immigration to other countries for
  religious freedom
• Deists
• new religious ideology
• believed the world was a giant, perfect
  mechanism, created by God, and then left to run
  on its own

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LITERATURE - DRAMA

• Very popular amongst the upper class
• Females finally allowed on stage
• Comedy of Manners
• reflected life of the rich and leisure classes
• Heroic Dramas
• melodramatic plays, with exaggerated
• dialogue, emotional outbursts and
• stereotypical characters

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PLAYWRIGHTS

• Moliere (French)
• The Misanthrope, The Imaginary Invalid
• Jean Racine (French)
• Andromaque
• Pierre Cornielle (French)
• Cid
• John Dryden
• All for Love
• William Wycherly
• The Country Wife
• William Congreve
• The Way of the World
• George Farquhar
• The Beaux Strategem

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Racine
Wycherly
Farquhar
Dryden
Cornielle
Congreve
Moliere
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LITERATURE - PROSE

• Writing became a science
• no more ornate metaphors, a la Shakespeare
• shorter sentences
• Essayists and journalists wrote for the
  middle-class
• addressed political matters
• wanted social reform
• established newspapers The Tatler The
  Spectator

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WRITERS

• Samuel Pepys
• diary of English life
• Olaudah Equiano
• publishes his autobiography of his days as a
  slave
• Mary Wollstencraft
• publishes Vindication of the Rights of Women
• mother of Mary Shelley (Frankenstein)
• Samuel Johnson
• publishes first dictionary

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Wollestonecraft
Equiano
Johnson
Pepys
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LITERATURE - POETRY

• Neoclassical
• appealed to intellect and reason
• witty, filled with classical allusions
• used to celebrate, mourn, or ridicule
• followed strict rules of form

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POETS

• Alexander Pope
• also wrote satire epigrams
• William Wordsworth
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• Phyllis Wheatley
• 1st African-American female to be published

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Wordsworth
Coleridge
Wheatley
Pope
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LITERATURE SATIRE

• Ridicules human weakness, vice or folly in order
  to gain social reform

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SATIRISTS

• Alexander Pope
• The Rape of the Lock
• Jonathan Swift
• Gullivers Travels
• A Modest Proposal
• Voltaire
• Candide

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LITERATURE - NOVEL

• Came into being in the 18th century and were
  immediately popular
• told stories of the middle class
• gave a view of the emotions of the
• characters
• Epistolary Novels
• novel written in letter form

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NOVELISTS

• Daniel Defoe
• Robinson Crusoe
• Aphra Behn
• first female novelist
• Oroonoko anti-slavery novel