The Cold War: The War At Home

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The Cold War The War At Home
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Canada Post WWIINewfoundland joins Canada

• On March 31, 1949 Newfoundland entered
  confederation as the tenth province.
• Joey Smallwood spearheaded the movement for union
  with Canada and became Newfoundlands first
  premier
• There was a referendum in Newfoundland regarding
  confederation and there was a significant amount
  of opposition a vote was held and 45 of the
  people voted in favor of creating a responsible
  government, while 41 voted to join Canada, and
  14 voted for a commission Government.
• This vote was considered unclear, and in a second
  vote union with Canada obtained a majority vote.

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Boom in resource development

• A wave of prosperity swept Canada in the fifties.
  Western oil and Natural gas reserves yielded new
  sources of power for Canadian industry.
  Hydroelectric projects were initiated to harness
  electricity
• As new resources were discovered new industries
  sprung up to support them. Ex the St. Lawrence
  Seaway was constructed to aid in the transport of
  materials.
• A great deal of this economic growth was largely
  due to foreign investment, much of it American.
  This contributed to the wealth of Canada during
  the 1950s and 1960s. Unfortunately this also
  led to future conflicts over the ownership and
  financial control of Canadas resources

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The Baby Boom

• Canadas population grew more quickly in the 15
  years after WWII than at any other time. By 1961
  there were 50 more Canadians than there had been
  at the end of the war.
• Many Canadian soldiers had married overseas and
  brought their war brides home.
• People began to move to the suburbs, shopping
  malls, cars and expressways became part of the
  Canadian way of life.
• In this post-war period more immigrants came to
  Canada than at any time since the turn of the
  century. Many were refugees from Eastern European
  countries like Poland, Yugoslavia, and Latvia.
  Now that their homelands were ruled by communists
  they felt they could no longer live there.
• By 1951, only 47 of Canadians had their roots in
  Britain. The multicultural society had arrived

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The Fabulous Fifties

• Economically things looked good in the 50s.
• Television became a common feature in Canadian
  homes. Mass Marketing becomes much more effective
  and is beginning to be aimed at the growing teen
  population
• The fifties brought prosperity and excitement.
  But rapid change can be hard. The divorce rate
  began to creep up. The move to the suburbs
  increased reliance on the automobile. Cities,
  fashions, lifestyles and values were transformed
  in the 50s
• Rock and Roll emerged as a new form of musical
  expression and drew attention to the new culture
  of youth that was developing because of the Baby
  Boom
• The 50s marked the beginning of the civil rights
  movement in the US and this would effect Canada
  as well.
• World War II was over, however the Cold War was
  just beginning.

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• TV Commercial on Ford

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TV Commercials

• Barbie
• Rice Krispies

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Socialism in Canada

• The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, or CCF
  was elected in 1944 in Saskatchewan under the
  leadership of Tommy Douglas.
• The CCF favored socialist policies, designed to
  increase government involvement in the economy
  and improve social programs.
• During the cold war the CCF faced a great deal of
  criticism and were occasionally denounced as
  communists.
• In 1961 Douglas resigned from the CCF to become
  the national leader of the newly organized New
  Democratic Party (NDP)
• Ultimately the CCF and the NDP under the
  leadership of Douglas, were responsible for the
  introduction of Medicare for Canada.

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The Cold War

• In the 1950s the cold war became the dominant
  force in international politics. It divided the
  world between two opposing ideologies
  totalitarian Communism and democratic Capitalism
• The capitalist nations, led by the US and the
  communist countries, led by the Soviet Union,
  competed for influence over, or control of, the
  rest of the world.
• Most of the countries the two sides sought to
  dominate were developing countries or former
  colonies of Western powers.
• The developing world became the battleground for
  the two new superpowers.

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Igor Gouzenko

• Igor Gouzenko was a clerk for the Soviet embassy
  in Canada who gave away Soviet spy secrets and
  defected.
• Gouzenko is often credited with helping start the
  Cold War.
• His defection highlighted the distrust between
  the West and Eastern Powers

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The Cold War Continued Korea

• In 1951 the Cold War centered on Korea
• This was the first open warfare between Communist
  forces and pro-Western forces.
• Within days of the invasion of South Korea,
  Canada offered 3 naval destroyers to the UN
  force. By the end of the Korean war, about 25 000
  Canadians saw action in the conflict. 312
  Canadians were killed
• The USSR and China vs. USA and its allies. The
  Korean War ended in 1953 only to be replaced by a
  long and bloody war in French Indo-China, that
  would eventually draw the US into combat in
  Vietnam

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• Cold War destruction

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Cold War The Arms Race

• In 1951 the US tested its first hydrogen bomb.
• Through out the Cold War the US and the Soviet
  Union develop weapons of Mass destruction.
  Building bombs nearly 1000x as powerful as the
  bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• The USSR followed by testing its first hydrogen
  bomb in 1953.
• The Arms race was on. By the end of the decade,
  guided missiles were beginning to replace
  bombers. The US and the USSR were now able to
  attack targets 10 000 km away in less than 1 hour.

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The Cold WarThe Space Race

• The arms race led to the space race.
• If missiles could send hydrogen bombs halfway
  around the world, then they could also carry
  nuclear payloads into space.
• The USSR launched its first satellite armed with
  a nuclear warhead in 1958 the US soon followed.
• Soon scientists began exploring the possibility
  of using satellites for peaceful means, such as
  communications and space exploration.

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• American Propaganda against Communism

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NATO countries and the Warsaw Pact

• NATO countries include
• Norway, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, France,
  Belgium, Netherlands, West Germany, Italy,
  Greece, Turkey and of course the USA and Canada
• Warsaw countries include
• The Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia,
  Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania

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Canada and the Cold War

• Canada had a precarious position in the Cold War.
• Canada is located between the two major players
  in the Cold War the US and the USSR. Canada was
  firmly on the side of the US in the Cold war and
  became a member of both, NATO ( North Atlantic
  Treaty Organization and NORAD (North American Air
  Defense Command) this changed in 1981 to (North
  American Aerospace Command), which acted as the
  North American defense system.
• The Communists had their own defensive
  organization known as the Warsaw Pact

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Canada and the Cold War the Avro Arrow

• During the 1950s the Canadian government was
  involved in the development of a new military jet
  aircraft. The Avro Arrow was built by the A.V.
  Roe Company in Ontario.
• It was expected to be one of the most advanced
  war planes of its kind.
• The Arrow was initially approved by the Liberal
  government in 1953, however when the
  conservatives took power under Diefenbaker in
  1957, he cancelled the Arrow project.
• This led to a great deal of controversy
  thousands of people lost their jobs.
• People charged that the government had abandoned
  a made-in-Canada project in favor of a made in
  the US defense policy. They claimed that the
  entire Canadian aircraft industry was crippled by
  Diefenbaker's decision.
• Despite being partially responsible for the
  creation and passage of the Bill of Rights in
  1960, Diefenbakers decision to ground the Arrow
  contributed to the Conservative party defeat in
  1963.

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The Suez Canal Crisis

• The French built the Suez Canal in the 1860s
  Soon after the British bought a majority of
  shares in the Suez Canal Company, in order to
  make the canal part of their route to India. The
  British were at this time occupying Egypt. In
  1955 with Brittan's eastern empire gone, Britain
  agreed to withdraw from Egypt.
• At the same time as the British were removing
  themselves from Egypt. The Egyptians under the
  Leadership of Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser began
  the completion of the Aswan High Dam across the
  Nile.
• In 1956 because of Nassers dealings with the
  USSR, Britain and the US cut off aid for the
  Aswan project.
• In return Nasser seized the Suez Canal Company.
  He also encouraged more terrorist attacks on
  Israel, and invited the USSR to help him finish
  the dam. This made the British very angry. The
  British believed that the US and the rest of the
  Commonwealth would share there anger over the
  Suez incident.

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• Suez Canal News Report

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The Suez Canal Crisis Continued

• The Commonwealth, with the exception of Australia
  and New Zeeland, were not sympathetic to what
  was viewed as an example of British imperialism.
• Canada did not care about the Canal, however it
  was very concerned about the effect of the crisis
  on international relations.
• Canada realized that while the US might not agree
  with Nassers actions, they would not support
  Britain in an aggressive action against Egypt.
• France and Israel supported Britain.
• The Israelis were supposed to attack Egypt on
  Nov. 1, 1956. The plan was that the French and
  English would use this as a pretext to step in
  and guard the vital international waterway.
• Their hope was that Nassers government would
  then topple.
• On Oct. 29 Israeli paratroops struck. On Oct. 30,
  Britain and France ordered both Egypt and Israel
  to stay 16km away from the Canal.
• The USSR responded with an ultimatum Atomic
  Bombs would rain down on London and Paris if the
  invasion did not end.

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The Suez Canal Crisis Continued

• The Americans were very angry with the British.
• The U.N. Security Council ordered Israel to
  withdraw, Britain and France used their vetoes
  for the first time.
• The issue was taken before the U.N. General
  Assembly. There, 65 nations supported a
  resolution denouncing the invasion. Canada
  abstained from the vote.
• Canada was torn over the issue. A small majority
  supported the British invasion. Prime Minister
  St. Laurent did not.
• The Prime Minister and then Secretary of State
  for External Affairs, Lester Pearson told England
  that there would be no Canadian support for the
  Attack on Egypt.
• Pearson proposed that an emergency UN force be
  sent in.
• This gave the French and British a pretext to
  withdraw from Egypt. Nassar agreed that the force
  was acceptable.
• Pearson had found the formula that kept Britain
  and France from humiliation, and the UN, NATO and
  the Commonwealth survived the confrontation
  intact.
• In 1957 Pearson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
  for his role in the Suez Crisis.
• This is the climax of Canadas role as first of
  the middle powers

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Bomarc Missiles

• First long-range anti-aircraft missiles in the
  world developed by Canada with the help of the
  Americans.
• They were put all around the coasts and the
  border to protect against soviet planes.

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NORAD

• Stands for North American Aerospace Defence
  Command.
• The US pressured Canada to setup a missile
  defence program to worn of incoming nuclear
  weapons.
• The program was established in 1958.

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The DEW Line

• Stands for Distance Early Warning Line and was
  used in the fifties.
• A system of radar stations in the far north that
  would detect soviet bombers.
• Became outdated as it became possible for
  countries to launch nuclear weapons without
  planes.

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Cold War Europe
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