The Early Cold War

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The Cold War 1946 - 1991
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Part IReconstruction Confrontation
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United Nations

• June 1945
• 50 nations form UN (2009192)
• Goal? To prevent war
• General assembly
• All nations 1 vote
• Security Council
• 15 members
• 5 permanent (US-GB-USSR-China-France) veto power

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The Iron Curtain
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent. Sir
Winston Churchill, 1946
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The Ideological Struggle
U.S. the Western Democracies
Soviet Eastern Bloc Nations (Iron Curtain)
GOAL ? Containment of Communism the eventual
collapse of the Communist world.
GOAL ? spread world-wide Communism

• METHODOLOGIES
• Espionage KGB vs. CIA
• Arms Race nuclear escalation
• Space Race
• Ideological competition for the minds and hearts
  of Third World peoples Communist govt. command
  economy vs. democratic govt. capitalist
  economy ? proxy wars
• Bi-Polarization of Europe NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

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Truman Doctrine 1947
The U. S. should support free peoples
throughout the world who are resisting takeovers
We must assist free peoples to work out their own
destinies in their own way Containment
Policystop the spread of communism!
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Marshall Plan 1948

1. European Recovery
2. Secretary of State, George Marshall
3. The U.S. should provide aid to all European
   nations that need it.
4. Secure democracy
5. 12.5 billion of U.S. aid to Western
   Europeextended to Eastern Europe USSR, but
   rejected

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Post-War Germany
East Germany
West Germany
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Berlin Blockade Airlift (1948-49)
Stalin holds up Germany 4,000 tons a day U.S.,GB,
Australia, Canada Stalin gives up! Berlin remains
democratic.
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70 airmen died
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The Arms Race

• The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in
  1949
• Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

• United States
• Belgium
• Britain
• Canada
• Denmark
• France
• Iceland
• Italy

• Luxemburg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• 1952 Greece Turkey
• 1955 West Germany
• 1983 Spain

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Warsaw Pact (1955)

• U. S. S. R.
• Albania
• Bulgaria
• Czechoslovakia

• East Germany
• Hungary
• Poland
• Romania

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NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
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Premier Nikita Khrushchev
Stalin dies in 1953 Nikita Khrushchev new
leader If you don't like us, don't accept our
invitations, and don'tinvite us to come to see
you. Whether you like it our not, history is on
our side. We will bury you. 1956
De-Stalinization Cuban Missile Crisis
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An Historic Irony Sergei Khrushchev, American
Citizen
Who buried who?
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Maos Revolution 1949
A 2nd Power!
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Korea 1950-53

• North Korea (Kim Il Sung) backed by communist
  China invade South Korea
• United Nations steps in with a coalition force
• 4 million Koreans die, 50,000 U.S.
• 38th Parallel hot zone today
• Dictator Kim Jong Il

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The Korean War A Police Action (1950-1953)
Domino Theory
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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
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Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in spacethey
have the technological edge!
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U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col.Gary Powers plane was shot down over Soviet
airspace.
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The Peace Corps

• John F. Kennedy
• Formed in 1961
• Subtle cold war action
• Since 1960, more than 195,000 people have served
  as Peace Corps volunteers in 139 countries.

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1961 Bay of Pigs

• Fidel Castro takes control of Cuba in 1959
  (overthrew US-backed dictator Batista)
• Castro takes U.S. oil refineries in Cuba.
• U.S. stops buying Cuban sugar.
• Castro takes over U.S. businesses in Cuba
• U.S. attempts to overthrow Castro.
• 1,300 exiles armed with U.S. weapons land at
  Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs)
• They were quickly defeated.

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Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
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Paris, 1961
Khrushchev JFK meet. Khrushchev thinks that JFK
is young, inexperienced, and can be manipulated.
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The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
CheckpointCharlie
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Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)
President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West
is with them!
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Khruschev and Castro
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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Vietnam War 1965-1973
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Poland

• The reform movement that ended communism in East
  Central Europe began in Poland.
• Solidarity, an anti-Communist movement, had
  forced Poland's Communist government to recognize
  it in 1980 through a wave of strikes that gained
  international attention. Led by Lech Walesa
• In 1981, Poland's Communist authorities, under
  pressure from Moscow, declared martial law,
  arrested Solidarity's leaders, and banned it.
• The movement simply went underground.

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U.S.S.R.

• In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev paved the way for
  political and economic reforms in East Central
  Europe.
• Gorbachev abandoned the "Brezhnev Doctrine" the
  Soviet Union's policy of intervening with
  military force, if necessary, to preserve
  Communist rule in the region.
• Instead, he encouraged the Communist leaders to
  seek ways of gaining popular support for their
  rule.
• Glasnost Openness, less censorship
• Perestroika economic reform, some capitalism

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Gorbachev, tear down this wall! 1987
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Poland, again

• In Poland, the Communists entered into
  round-table talks with a reinvigorated
  Solidarity.
• As a result, Poland held its first competitive
  elections since before World War II, and in 1989,
  Solidarity formed the first non-Communist
  government within the Soviet bloc since 1948.
• 1990 Lech Walesa elected President of Democratic

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Fall of the Berlin Wall

• Inspired by their neighbors' reforms, East
  Germans took to the streets in the summer and
  fall of 1989 to call for reforms, including
  freedom to visit West Berlin and West Germany.
• Moscow's refusal to use military force led to the
  political reforms, leading up to the decision to
  open the border crossings on the night of
• November 9, 1989.
• Ask me to play the YouTube clip
• Good Bye Lenin

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Czechoslovakia

• In the wake of the collapse of the Berlin Wall,
  Czechs and Slovaks took to the streets to demand
  political reforms in Czechoslovakia.
• Leading the demonstrations in Prague was
  dissident playwright Vaclav Havel
• The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia quietly and
  peacefully became a democracy in 1989
• Later dubbed the "Velvet Revolution."

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Romania

• In Romania, the Communist regime of hardliner
  Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown by popular
  protest in December 1989.
• Execution shown on TV
• Soon, Bulgaria and Albania also ceded power.

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German Reunification 1990

• Led by Helmut Kohl
• In little more than a year, East Germany - the
  German Democratic Republic (GDR) - disintegrated
  and its territory was absorbed into the FRG with
  no serious opposition and amid widespread public
  rejoicing, both at home and abroad
• Currency value issues
• Paid for in 10 years
• E. Germans felt disrespected
• W. German benefactor

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Fall of U.S.S.R. 1991

• Revolution spread to the Soviet Union itself.
  After surviving a hard line coup attempt in 1991,
  Gorbachev was forced to cede power in Russia to
  Boris Yeltsin, who oversaw the dissolution of the
  Soviet Union. (C.I.S.)
• The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union
  marked the end of the cold war.

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Stupid, yet funny cartoon
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Next?

• Middle East 19th c to now
• Current Event Tour of World
• International Organizations Music Video Project
• Review7 days???
• Regents Exam 6/19 at 8am GYM

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Part IIEuropeanUnion
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European Economic Integration

• 1967
• HQ ? Brussels.
• European Parliament.
• Eurocrats.
• 518 members elected by all voters in Europe.
• Only limited legislative power.
• Court of Justice.

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European Union

• 1991-92 ? Maastricht Agreements
• European Union EU
• One currency, one culture, one social area, and
  one environment!
• Create a common EU passport.
• One large common market.
• Goods coming into the EU would have high tariffs
  placed on them.
• 2002 ? a common currency Euro not GB!
• 2003 ? 60,000 men EU rapid defense
  force was created.

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