The United States Goes to War

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The United States Goes to War
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B4 our involvement

• Great Depression
• Long period of Isolationism
• Neutrality

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B4 our involvement in the war what else is going
on?

• Double V Campaign
• Against ____ abroad
  against ____ at home
• A. Phillip Randolph
• Head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
• Black male industrialists
• March on Washington
• FDRs responseExecutive Order 8802
• Fair hiring practices for govt funded jobs.

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So how do we get involved?
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Clash of IdeologiesTotalitarian Governments

• Fascism
• Germanys Adolf Hitler and Italys Benito
  Mussolini.
• Places the importance of the nation above the
  value of the individual.
• Focused on the need to rebuild Italy/Germany.
• Different from communism, b/c it allows private
  business.

• Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union.
• These Govts used terror to suppress individual
  rights and to silence all forms of oppression.
• They controlled all aspects of everyday life.

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Beginning of War

• Hitler/Mussolini are expanding their empires in
  Europe
• By Spring of 1941, only major ally of US
  remaining is Great Britain

• The Japanese are expanding as well throughout the
  Pacific
• US sees these actions as threatening due to our
  territories in the Pacific
• US places trade restrictions on Japan

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Where the heck is America?

• Neutrality
• The US will withhold weapons loans from all
  nations at war.
• Cash and Carry
• Allies can buy war goods from the US and
  transport them in their own ships.
• Lend-Lease Act
• Allies could buy goods from the US on credit, in
  exchange for leases on military bases.

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December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor

• Hawaiian Island, Oahu
• Right before 800am, 180 Japanese warplanes
  sailed overhead.
• Most of the Pacific fleet was in an area less
  than 3 square miles.
• 2,400 Americans were killed and 1,200 were
  wounded.
• 300 warplanes damaged.
• 18 warships sunk
• Japan lost 29 planes.

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Pearl Harbor Destroyed Battleships
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Dec. 7 1941

• A day that will live in infamy
• FDR

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Ford Island
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Ford Island
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Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war
on the United States.Americans were part of
another world conflict.Their contributions
would make the differences between victory and
defeat for the Allies.
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Whos side are you on?

• Axis Powers
• Germany
• Italy
• Japan

• Allied Powers
• Great Britain
• Soviet Union (Russia)
• United States
• Govts in exile Free French

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THE BIG THREE

• US Alliance with Great Britain and the Soviet
  Union
• Ideological differences
• Common Enemy Hitler
• Stalin asked others to attack from France and
  open a second front to split the Nazi forces
• Eastern Front took a heavy toll on the Soviet
  population
• Allies attacked through Northern Africa

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Hitler invades Soviet Union?!!?

• Since 1924, Hitler had called for conquest of the
  Soviet Union.
• He claimed Germany needed Lebensraum.
• Living space
• After the loss of the Battle of Britain, he
  launched an attack against the Soviet Union.
• June 1941, 3.6 million Germans poured across the
  Soviet (Baltic to Black Sea).
• Soviets used Scorched Earth policy for defense.

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Stalin asks for Help!

• Stalin asked Roosevelt for help through the
  Lend-Lease Act.
• Stalin asked the allies to please attack Western
  Europe.
• Would make Hitler divide his troops.
• Instead Churchill wanted to invade Italy the
  soft under-belly of Europe.

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Battle of Stalingrad

• September 1942 Germany attacks, bombs!
• Prolonged German offensive.
• Mid Nov got too cold for the Nazis
• The Red Army was able to beat them!
• They hold the city against unbelievable odds.
• January 31, 1943
• 90,000 surviving Germans surrendered.
• Germany lost about 330,000
• Turning point of the war in the East!!!!

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General George Marshall

• FDRs Army Joint Chief of Staff
• Orchestrated the War in Europe!
• Later will win the Nobel Peace Prize for his
  Marshall Plan.

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Early Allied Victory

• November 1942, GB won a victory in El Alamein in
  Egypt.
• They made Germans retreat west.
• Eisenhower took US/GB troops in Morocco Algeria
  and pushed east.
• The two allied forces came together and posed an
  intimidating threat.
• 240,000 Germans/Italian surrendered.

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North Africa

• General George S. Patton Allies
• General Erwin Rommell Desert Fox Axis (Nazi)

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Allies invade Italy

• Allies, led by General George Patton, launch
  invasion of Sicily from North Africa.
• Fell in 38 days.
• Mussolini is denounced and arrested by the
  Italian government.
• Italy announces declaration of war agaisnt
  Germany.

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Peace out MussoliniHere he is with his mistress
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D-Day

• General Dwight D. Eisenhower - leading officer
• Largest amphibious attack in history
• June 6, 1944
• Operation Overlord
• D-Day Designated Day
• 2 million troops involved (largest invasion force
  ever assembled)
• First waves experienced high casualty rates
• Eventually liberated Paris and Belgium

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Battle of the Bulge

• December 1944
• General Patton brought 250,000 soldiers.
• Nazi troops squeezed b/w Soviets and Allies
• Hitler launched a surprise offensive in a
  weakened part of the line
• Created a bulge in the front line.
• Hitler was defeated again
• Largest battle in Western Europe during WWII.
• Out of 600,000 GIs 80,000 killed.
• German loss 100,000
• One more nail in the coffin.
• Nazi leaders knew that the end was near.

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• Yalta Conference

• The Big Three planned for the post war world
  agreed that
• Germany would be divided.
• Part of Poland would go to the Soviet Union.
• Soviet Union would declare war on Japan 2 to 3
  months after defeating Germany.
• Stalin didnt allow free elections and was slow
  to enter the war with Japan.
• This would cause problems b/t them and the US
  which would lead to the Cold War.

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Allied Victory in Europe

• After Bulge, Allies closed in on Berlin.
• Allies met at Yalta to discuss terms of German
  surrender.
• Berlin ended up under Soviet control. (Uh, oh).
• Hitler committed suicide at the beginning of May
  in 1945.
• VE DAY Victory in Europe!
• May 8, 1945
• Discovery of the death camps.

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• Germany signs unconditional surrender.
• May 1, 1945 Hitler kills himself.
• May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders.
• War in Europe is over!
• May 8, 1945

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The Potsdam Conference

• New Big Three
• Stalin (still), Clement Attlee (replaces
  Churchill), and Harry Truman (no more FDR).
• They finalized plans for administration of
  Europe.
• Germany and Berlin were divided into four zones
  of occupation.
• Administered by Big Three countries plus France.
• Free elections to be held later for
  self-determination.
• Now time to focus on the Pacific!

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America in the Pacific

• Battle of Midway
• June 4, 1942 fought by air.
• Sunk 4 Japanese carriers, 250 planes.
• Japan can no longer launch an offensive, allies
  can.
• Battle of Guadalcanal
• First taste of Japanese jungle for the Allies.

• Battle of Iwo Jima
• One of the bloodiest, 74 days long.
• 110,000 US vs. 25,000 Jap
• Enemy fought until the last man, only 216 taken
  prisoner.
• 27 medals of Honor awarded.
• Island hopping commences!

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Island Hopping Campaign

• US made its way from island to island to stop the
  Japanese control
• Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle led several
  raids on Tokyo (known as Doolittle Raids)

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Turning Point in the Pacific

• Had to gain control of the skies and waters of
  the Pacific
• The Battle of Coral Sea was the 1st major battle
  for US in the Pacific.
• Battle of Midway in June of 1942 was THE turning
  point
• Faced many Kamikazes

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KAMIKAZES

• Japanese suicide squadrons
• Aircrafts were loaded with explosives
• Flew directly into US naval vessels killing
  themselves in an effort to stop the American
  advance
• Altogether, they sank about 40 ships

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Battle of Iwo Jima

• US Island hopping Dangers other than battle
  included
• 1. Monsoons
• 2. Malaria
• 3. Heat
• 4. Earthquakes
• 5. Jungle Conditions
• Iwo Jima
• US 6,800 killed and 23,000 wounded

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Battle of Okinawa

• April to June 1945.
• Last obstacle to attack on Japan!
• 1,300 warships, 18,000 Allied troops 2,000
  Kamikazes.
• Ended after three months.
• 7,2000 defenders surrendered.
• 50,000 Allied deaths, costliest engagement.
• This victory, however, gave the US strong
  positions to launch air strikes

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Manhattan Project

• Albert Einstein comes up with the idea.
• An Atomic Bomb!
• Tested in the US and blew out windows 125 miles
  away.
• FDR died in April 1945.
• Harry Truman took over the Presidency.
• 3 months later, he had a decision to make.

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1953, Las Vegas A mom and her son watch the
mushroom cloud after an atomic bomb test 75 miles
away.
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Hiroshima/Nagasaki
Little Boy and Fat Man
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Little Boy and Fat Man

• Little Boy was the first nuclear weapon used in
  warfare. It exploded approximately 1,800 feet
  over Hiroshima, Japan, on the morning of August
  6, 1945, with a force equal to 13,000 tons of
  TNT. Immediate deaths were between 70,000 to
  130,000.
• Little Boy was dropped from a B-29 bomber piloted
  by U.S. Army Air Force Col. Paul W. Tibbets.
  Tibbets had named the plane Enola Gay after his
  mother the night before the atomic attack.
• Fat Man was the second nuclear weapon used in
  warfare. Dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9,
  1945, Fat Man devastated more than two square
  miles of the city and caused approximately 45,000
  immediate deaths.
• Major Charles W. Sweeney piloted the B-29, 77
  that dropped Fat Man. After the nuclear mission,
  77 was christened Bockscar after its regular
  Command Pilot, Fred Bock.
• While Little Boy was a uranium gun-type device,
  Fat Man was a more complicated and powerful
  plutonium implosion weapon that exploded with a
  force equal to 20 kilotons of TNT.

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A-Bomb

• On August 6, 1945 US dropped the first A-bomb on
  Hiroshima
• Japan still does not surrender
• On August 9th, 1945 US dropped the second A-bomb
  on Nagasaki
• On August 14, 1945 Japan surrenders
  unconditionally VJ Day

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Devastation Innocents
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Nagasaki
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Effects of the War

• Holocaust
• Nuremberg Trials
• Japanese War Criminals
• Unbelievable death destruction
• US Home front
• Japanese Interment Camps ?
• Korematsu v. United States (intro activity
  tomorrow)
• Wartime Economy boost ?
• Women (Rosie the Riveter, and Minorities join
  the market economy, only to be booted out AGAIN
  after the war.
• Womens Baseball (A League of their Own!)

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Country Number Killed (military)
USSR 13,600,000 (14 mil civilians)
Germany 3,300,000 (2.35 mil civilians)
Japan 1,740,429 (393,400 civilians)
British Empire 357,116 (60,000 civilians)
France 122,000 (470,000 civilians)
Italy 279,800 (60,000 civilians)
United States 405,400 (No civilian)
TOTAL 21,268,992 (40 mil w/ civilian)
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THE WAR IS OVER!
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Let the BABY BOOM begin ?
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What weve learned so far

• SSUSH19 The student will identify the origins,
  major developments, and the domestic impact of
  World War II, especially the growth of the
  federal government.
• Element SSUSH19.a
• Explain A. Philip Randolph's proposed march on
  Washington, D.C. and President Franklin D.
  Roosevelt's response.
• Element SSUSH19.b
• Explain the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and
  the internment of Japanese-Americans.
• Element SSUSH19.c
• Explain major events including the lend-lease
  program, the Battle of Midway, D-Day, and the
  fall of Berlin.
• Element SSUSH19.d
• Describe war mobilization, as indicated by
  rationing, war-time conversion, and the role of
  women in war industries.
• Element SSUSH19.e
• Describe Los Alamos and the scientific, economic,
  and military implications of developing the
  atomic bomb.
• Element SSUSH19.f
• Compare the geographic locations of the European
  theater and the Pacific theater and the
  difficulties the U.S. faced in delivering
  weapons, food, and medical supplies to troops.

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What else we have to learn before the ATA and PA

• SSUSH20 The student will analyze the domestic and
  international impact of the Cold War on the
  United States.
• Element SSUSH20.a
• Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S.
  commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and
  the origins and implications of the containment
  policy.
• Element SSUSH20.b
• Explain the impact of the new communist regime in
  China, the outbreak of the Korean War, how
  these events contributed to the rise of Senator
  Joseph McCarthy.
• SSUSH21 The student will explain economic growth
  and its impact on the United States 1945-1970.
• Element SSUSH21.a
• Describe the baby boom and the impact as shown by
  Levittown and the Interstate Highway Act.
• Element SSUSH21.d
• Describe the impact of competition with the USSR
  as evidenced by the launch of Sputnik I and
  President Eisenhower's actions.

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Lets take a closer look at what is happening at
Home during the war.