Bez nadpisu

1
ABC of Typography
2
Typography

• useful art (creating typefaces, design pages,
  books)
• science (typographic rules)
• craft, work (typographer printer)

3
History of Writing

• advent of writing system the result of the
  evolution of the human society (the necessity of
  recording)
• pictogram (a picture representing a thing)

• ideogram (a picture representing an idea)
• pictographic script hundreds of symbols
• phonogram (a symbol representing a sound)
  revolution in the evolution of writing (several
  symbols)

4
The Earliest Scripts

• Cuneiform writing pictographic script
  syllabic script

• Hieroglyphs pictographic script
  syllabic script
• phonetic script

• Chinas script (word script
• up to present)

5
History of Writing in Europe

• Phoenician alphabet
• 2224 geom. symbols for consonants

• Greek alphabet
• signs for vowels (!)
• the basis for Latin and Cyrillic

• Czech alphabet
• capital letters ancient Rome
• small letters 800 AD
• accents (Jan Hus)

(Carolingian minuscule)
6
Evolution of Numerals

• Roman
• used till 15st century

MDCCLXVII

• Arabic
• origin in India

1767
7
Typeface Set of Characters

• a, b, c, ? lower case, small letters
• A, B, C, ? upper case, capital letters
• 1, 2, ? numerals
• ? diacritical marks, accents
• . , ! ? punctuation marks
• ( ) brackets
• quotation marks, apostrophe
• ? ? ? mathematical signs
• other symbols

8
Typeface Boundaries
Rby
ascender
ascender line
cap line
mean line
cap height
x-height
base line
descender line
descender
9
Typeface Letterform

• stem the main vertical stroke
• serif the small cross-stroke added to the end
  of main strokes
• contrast the degree of difference between thick
  and thin strokes

10
Typeface Letterform
A ? A

• Distinguishing features
• end of the strokes (serif / no serif)

A ? A

• style of the serif (bracketed / unbracketed)

A ? A

• contrast / no contrast

• thickness of strokes

A ? A

• proportions- width- height

proportional monospaced proportional
11
Type Family

• Family collection of variations designed with
  the same characteristics of types
• Face one of the styles of a family
• Common faces (styles of font)
• roman (regular)
• bold
• italic
• bold italic
• (small capitals)

Times New Roman
Times New Roman
Times New Roman
Times New Roman
12
Classification of Tapefaces

• several different systems of classification
• English classification is based on history
• Blackletter (Old English, Gothic)

• Old Style Typefaces

• Transitional Type

13
Classification of Tapefaces

• Modern Type

• Sans Serif (Grotesque)

• Slab Serif (Egyptian)

• Script, Brush, Freehand

14
Measuring in Typography

• Europe system (Didot)
• 1 point 0,3759 mm
• 12 points 1 cicero 4,513 mm
• English-American system
• 1 point 0,3528 mm
• 12 points 1 pica 4,23 mm
• 72 points 6 picas 1 inch 2,54 cm

15
Body Size (Point Size)

• size of the metal body of a type

• actual height of letters depends on the typeface
  

16
Using of Body Size
67 dictionaries, time tables, telephone
directories, notes 8 newspapers 9 magazines 10
books 1112 schoolbooks, books for children,
books in larger format 14 books for children,
headings 16 ? main headings
poznámka, newspapers, magazines, books,
schoolbooks, childbooks, headers 16 pt, headers
18 pt, headers 24 pt
17
Relative Typographical Unit

• em body size
• en 1/2 em
• is used to express
• size of spaces between words
• width of types

18
Spacing

• letter spacing
• specified by the definition of types
• computer typesetting easy to change
• tracking uniform addition or subtraction of
  space to/from all characters

• kerning adjustment of space between individual
  letter pairs

• word spacing
• left-aligned, centered, right-align text
  constant space 1/3 em
• justified text variable space (1/4 em 1/2 em)
  
• nonbreaking space ? ban of line break

J.A.Komenský 37Kc zlesa
100000
19
Paragraph

• unit of text
• first line indent (12 em)
• same indent in the whole text
• bullets, numbering special text
• negative indent of the first line hanging
• no first-line-indent space before paragraph
• last line not too short, not as long as the
  whole line
• first line cannot stay by itself at the bottom of
  a page (orphan)
• last line cannot stay by itself at the top of a
  page (widow)

20
Leading

• leading the space between lines of the text
• affects the appearance and readability of the
  text
• suggested value 20
• line spacing (word processors)

Alignment
21
Rules
punctuation . , ? ! no space before, one
space after
I came, I saw, I conquered.
ellipsis? symbol
What is the meaning of the open door?
How did she do it? he asked.
quotation marks no spaces inside, spaces
outside Use true marks in every language!!
Jak to udelala? zeptal se.
apostrophe no spaces
I didnt hear.
the boys mother
Barvínek menší (Vinca minor)
brackets ( ) no spaces inside, spaces
outside
22
Rules
cesko-anglický

• - hyphen (1/3 em)
• without spaces

Brno-mesto
Frýdek-Místek
sixty-five
spolecensko-politický
fast-moving
easy-going
bude-li
air-condition
ex-wife

• dash (1 em)
• (used to separate parts of sentence)
• with spaces in Czech
• without in American English

Zapracoval a výsledek se dostavil.
He ishow shall I say it?.

• ? dash (1/2 em)
• (used to separate parts of sentence)
  
• with spaces in Czech, in English

Zapracoval a výsledek se dostavil.
He is how shall I say it?.

• ? dash (1/2 em)
• (used to express a range or as the
  equivalent of to or versus)
• without spaces

the years 19631967
pages 2328
the LincolnDouglas Debates
the New YorkParis flight
23
Rules Using Numbers

• Write out numbers through nine (or that require
  no more than one word).

There are twenty-six students in my wifes
third-grade class.
two players eleven players 11 players
Byly dve hodiny v noci a kohout trikrát zakokrhal.

• Using numerals
• with unit of measure, time etc.

2 inches, 5 minutes

• in technical text

• a sentence cannot start with a figure

24
Rules Using Numbers
12.451 ? 12,451

• decimals

• large numbers

12,451 ? 12 451

• dates
• in Britain

30th March (,) 1995
30-3-1995
30 March 1995
30.3.1995
30/3/1995

• in America

3/30/1995
March 3, 1995

• in Czech

30. 3. 1995
30. brezna 1995
25
Rules

• Emphasizing words
• use italics
• use boldface only for terms
• avoid using underlined text

• Usizing typefaces
• use serif typefaces for body text
• use sans serif typefaces for forms, tables
• dont use more than four fonts in any one
  publication

26
Layout of the Page

• basic layout ? page map
• visual center of a page is higher than the
  geometrical one

• right page is more expressive
• margins top, bottom, left, right or mirror
  inside, outside
• footer information, such as chapter, date,
  page number, listed below the main text area of a
  page
• header information, such as title, chapter
  name, date, or page number, listed above the main
  text area of a page
• page numbering header, footer, outside margin
• right page has always an odd number

27
Jobbing printed matters

• occasional personal or firm printed matters
• visiting-card, letter paper and envelopes,
  wedding-card
• diplomas, cards of invitation, greetings-card,
  programs, catalogs, advertising brochures

• sizes neednt to be standardized
• fonts can be decorative
• principles information ability
• readability
• aesthetic standard

28
Fonts

• Font ? a complete set of characters in a
  typeface
• ? a file containing the description of the
  shape of letters
• Some fonts are installed together with programs,
  or we can buy them separately.
• Fonts can have different sets of characters
  (national alphabets, special sets of characters
  e.g. Symbol)
• bitmap fonts
• each character is stored as an array of pixels
• are not easily scalable
• for each size, face and resolution an extra
  description
• used e.g. as a system font for screen (menu)

29

• vector (outline) fonts
• each character is encoded by a higher-level
  description in terms of lines and areas
• can be scaled to any size and otherwise
  transformed easy
• another information in the file hinting
  (instructions for representing by raster output
  devices), kerning pairs
• wide-spread
• True Type fonts (MicrosoftApple, belong to OS)
• Adobe Type 1 (PostScript) fonts (Adobe Systems)