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Covilha
Rybnik
Maribor
Gorinchem
Nettuno
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Covilha
Rybnik
Maribor
Gorinchem
Nettuno
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Maribor is a city in Slovenia, the seat of the
Maribor urban municipality. With a population of
115,693 as of 2002, it is the second-largest city
in the country. Maribor lies on the river Drava
at the meeting point of the Pohorje mountain, the
Drava valley, the Drava plain and the Kozjak and
Slovenske gorice hill ranges. It is the largest
city and the center of the Slovenian region of
Lower Styria. The city's coat of arms features a
white pigeon flying downwards above a white
castle with two towers and a portcullis on a red
shield. History In 1164 a castle known as the
Marchburch was documented in the March of
Styria. Maribor was first mentioned as a market
near the castle in 1204, and received town
privileges in 1254. It began to grow rapidly
after the victory of Rudolf I of Habsburg over
Otakar II of Bohemia in 1278. Maribor withstood
sieges by the Ottoman Empire in 1532 and 1683,
and the city remained under the control of the
Habsburg Monarchy for centuries.
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Maribor, previously in the Catholic Diocese of
Graz-Seckau, became part of the Diocese of Lavant
on 1 June 1859 and the seat of its Prince-Bishop.
The name of the diocese was changed to the
Diocese of Maribor on March 5, 1962. It was
elevated to an archdiocese by Pope Benedict XVI.
on April 7, 2006. Before World War I, the city
had a population of 80 Germans and 20
Slovenians, and most of the city's capital and
public life was in German hands. According to the
last Austro-Hungarian census in 1910, Maribor and
the suburbs Studenci (Brunndorf), Pobrežje
(Pobersch), Tezno (Thesen), Rothwein,
Kartschowin, and Leitersberg were composed of
31,995 Germans and 6,151 Slovenians. The wider
surrounding area was populated almost exclusively
by Slovenians, although many Germans lived in
smaller towns like Ptuj. During World War I, many
Slovenians in Carinthia and Styria were detained
for allegedly being enemies of the state, which
led to further conflicts between German Austrians
and Slovenians. After the collapse of
Austria-Hungary, Maribor was claimed by both the
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the First
Austrian Republic.
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On 27 January 1919 Germans awaiting the American
peace delegation at the city's marketplace were
attacked by troops of Rudolf Maister, resulting
in 13 killed and more than 60 wounded (the
Marburger Bloody Sunday). Afterward, Maister's
troops took control of the city, which became
part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and
Slovenes (the later Kingdom of Yugoslavia)
without a referendum. After the war many Germans
emigrated to Austria, especially officials.
German schools, clubs, and organisations were
closed in the new state of Yugoslavia, although
Germans made up more than 25 of the city's
population in the 1930s. A policy of cultural
assimilation was pursued in Yugoslavia against
the German minority in response to the
Germanization policy of Austria against its
Slovenian minority. In 1941 Lower Styria, the
Yugoslav part of Styria, was annexed by Nazi
Germany. In late April Adolf Hitler, who
encouraged his followers to "make this land
German again", visited Maribor where a grand
reception was organized by local Germans in the
city castle.
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The city, a major industrial center with
extensive armaments industry, was systematically
bombed by the Allies during the World War II. The
remaining German population was expelled after
the end of the war in 1945. After the liberation,
the city capitalized on its proximity to Austria
as well as its skilled workforce, and developed
into a major transit, industrial and cultural
center of Eastern Slovenia. After Slovenia
seceded from Yugoslavia in 1991, the loss of the
Yugoslav market severely strained the city's
economy which was based on heavy industry,
resulting in record levels of unemployment of
almost 25. The situation has slightly improved
since the mid-1990s with the development of small
and medium sized businesses and
industry. Important people who lived in Maribor
include Prince-Bishop Anton Martin Slomšek,
Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, the writer Drago
Jancar, Olympic gold medalist and athlete Leon
Štukelj and football player Zlatko Zahovic.  
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Covilhã is a city and municipality in Portugal
with a total area of 555.6 km² and a total
population of 53,501 inhabitants. The
municipality is composed of 31 parishes and is
located in the district of Castelo Branco. The
present mayor is Carlos Alberto Pinto, elected by
the Social Democratic Party. The municipal
holiday is October 20.
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Gorinchem (population 34,623 in 2004), also
called Gorkum, is a city in the western
Netherlands, in the province of South Holland.
The municipality covers an area of 21.99 km² (of
which 3.03 km² water). The municipality of
Gorinchem also includes the following towns,
villages and townships Dalem. Gorkum received
city rights in 1382.
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Nettuno is a town and commune of province of Rome
in the Lazio region of central Italy, 60
kilometers south of Rome. It is named in honour
of the Roman god Neptune. A resort city and
agricultural center on the Tyrrhenian Sea, in the
Mediterranean Sea it has a population of
approximately 37,000. The town was founded by the
Saracens in the ninth century. It's a popular
tourist destination today, where there are a
well-preserved old quarter, called Borgo
Medievale, with mediaeval streets and small
squares, and the Sangallo Fort built in the
1500s. It's an important center of pilgrimages,
as shrine of Saint Maria Goretti. In the shrine
there is a crypt where the mortal remains' Saint
lie. The church keeps also a priceless wooden
statue of Our Lady of Grace, which is praised by
all the town every year the first Saturday of the
month with a procession. Nettuno has one of the
most important baseball Italian teams, Danesi
Nettuno often winner of the Championship. This
game had taught local people from the U.S.
soldiers during the Second World War, by US
soldiers landed in the course of operation
Shingle. The town has an American Cemetery and
Memorial, where thousands of soldiers are buried.
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In the domain of army, Nettuno has one of the
biggest Poligono for the Italian Force, whose
land extend to the Province of Latina, and one of
the most important Italian Police Schools, where
police dogs are trained. It has a touristic
harbour hosting about 860 boats and a shopping
center, selling everything for fishing and
sailing. Nettuno is the city of the finest D.O.C.
wine Cacchione. The Villa Borghese has extensive
gardens.      
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Rybnik is a city in southern Poland, in the
Silesian Voivodeship, close to the border with
the Czech Republic, about 290 km south of Warsaw
and about 100 km west of Kraków, on the southern
outskirts of the metropolitan area known as the
Upper Silesian Industrial Area. Rybnik is the
centre of its own metropolitan area, Rybnik Coal
Region (Rybnicki Okreg Weglowy, ROW).
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History The city's name derives from the Polish
word for "fish" and meant "fishpond" in the Old
Polish language. The name highlights the
importance of fish farming for the city's economy
in the Middle Ages, which is reflected in its
coat of arms until this day.The city's origins
can be traced back into the 9th and 10th century,
when three Slavic settlements existed on Rybnik's
present-day territory which eventually merged to
form one town. In the course of the medieval
eastward migration of German settlers
(Ostsiedlung), Rybnik, as many other Polish
settlements, was incorporated (granted city
status and right) according to the so-called
Magdeburg Law at some point before 1308 (the
exact date remains unknown). This, however, is
not be confused with a change in national
affiliation Rybnik continued to be part of the
Kingdom of Poland, until Silesia as a whole
became a fiefdom of the Bohemian crown in 1327.
The city continued to grow and developed into a
regional trade centre. In the 15th century, the
Hussites devastated the city, before being
eventually defeated in a decisive battle on a
hill nearby. From 1526, Bohemia, including the
fiefdom of Silesia, which Rybnik was a part of,
came under the authority of the Habsburg crown.
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At the beginning of the War of the Austrian
Succession between Frederick II of Prussia (the
Great) and the Habsburg empress Maria Theresa of
Austria, the greatest part of Silesia, including
Rybnik, was annexed by Prussia in 1740, which
Austria eventually recognized in 1763. Coal
mining gained importance for Rybnik's economy as
early as the 18th century. In 1871, Prussia,
including Rybnik, merged into the German Empire,
the first modern German nation state. At this
point, Poland had already ceased to exist as an
independent state, having been divided between
Prussia, Austria and Russia in the Third
Partition of Poland of 1795. With the
intensification of Germanization and anti-Polish
politics in the German Empire in the late 19th
and early 20th century, the ethnically mixed
region of Upper Silesia became affected by
growing tensions between German and Polish
nationalists. After the end of World War I in
1918, Polish statehood was finally restored.
Amidst an atmosphere of ethnic unrest, a
referendum was organized to determine the future
national affiliation of Upper Silesia. Although
an overall majority had opted for Germany, the
area was finally divided in an attempt to satisfy
both parties.
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Although both parties considered the territory
they were assigned insufficient, the division was
justified in so far as in the German and Polish
parts a majority had voted in favour of the
respective nation. The lowest amount of
pro-German votes was registered in the districts
of Rybnik and Pszczyna (Pless). The city and the
largest part of the district of Rybnik were
attached to Poland Rybnik thus became part of a
Polish state for the first time since 1526. The
referendum and eventual division of Upper Silesia
were accompanied by three Silesian Uprisings, the
first of which (in 1919) was centered on
Rybnik. Within the Second Polish Republic of the
interwar period, Rybnik was part of the Silesian
Voivodship, which enjoyed far-reaching political
and financial autonomy. With the outbreak of
World War II in 1939, the border city Rybnik
returned under the rule of Germany, being in the
part of Poland that was directly incorporated
into the German state. The population was
ethnically categorized and either "re-germanized"
or disfranchised and partially deported into the
General Government as Poles.
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After the eventual German defeat which ended
World War II in the European theatre of war in
1945, Rybnik was once more integrated into
Poland, the territory of which was now being
shifted westward on Stalin's initiative. Rybnik
thus ceased to be German-Polish border city. Its
population was again categorized to be either
"re-polonized" or forcefully resettled to
Germany. A large portion of ethnic Germans from
Rybnik eventually settled in the West German city
of Dorsten (District of Recklinghausen), which
eventually became one of Rybnik's twin towns in
1994. In the post-war period, coal mining
continued to gain importance. The 1970s saw the
construction of a coal-fired power station, which
is important for power generation in the region
and beyond. A reservoir on the river Ruda was
constructed to provide it with cooling water. In
2002, the University of Economics (Akademia
Ekomomiczna), the University of Silesia
(Uniwersytet Slaski), both in based Katowice, and
the Silesian Polytechnic University (Politechnika
Slaska) based in Gliwice established a joint
campus in Rybnik to improve academic training
opportunities in the area.