From the Revolution to the Civil War

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From the Revolution to the Civil War
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Part I The AmericanRevolution
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The French and Indian War

• Britain helped the colonists defeat the French
• Britain needed money to pay for war expenses
• They taxed colonists, restricted settlements and
  limited self-govt.

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Britain Passes New Laws

• The Proclamation of 1763 prohibited settlement
  beyond the Appalachian Mountains.
• Prime Minister Grenville wanted colonists to
  compensate for British troops through the Sugar
  Act, which taxed sugar and molasses imported from
  the French and Spanish West Indies.

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The Stamp Act

• Parliament passed the Stamp Act as another way to
  bring in money from the colonies.
• Required a government tax stamp on certain
  documents contracts and licenses, newspapers,
  almanacs, printed sermons, and playing cards

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Colonists Protest Openly

• The Stamp Act Congress was organized by the
  Massachusetts Assembly to send a petition to the
  king and Parliament.
• The Sons of Liberty, a group made up of unskilled
  workers, artisans, small farmers, merchants, and
  lawyers, organized a boycott of British goods and
  put pressure on merchants who did not join in.
• The Stamp Act was repealed after British
  merchants saw sales drop because of the boycotts.

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The Townshend Acts

• Taxed lead, paint, paper, glass, and tea that
  were imported from Britain
• Smugglers increased their activities to avoid the
  tax leading to more troops in Boston.

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The Boston Massacre

• In Boston, where tensions were already
  high, colonists began throwing snowballs at a
  British sentry guarding the customs house. After
  British solders arrived to help, they fired into
  the crowd, killing five. This incident was used
  as an example of British cruelty.

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The Colonists Respond

• Colonial boycotts left a British tea company with
  millions of pounds of unsold tea. The Tea Act
  (1773) enabled the company to sell tea directly
  to colonists.
• Many colonists did not buy the tea.
• In December 1773 about 70 colonists boarded
  British ships loaded with the tea and dumped it
  into Boston Harbor. The event is known as the
  Boston Tea Party.

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King George III passes theIntolerable Acts

• The Royal Navy blockaded the Boston Harbor so no
  colonial goods could be sent out until the tea
  was paid for.
• Colonists had to quarter the British soldiers.
• The King assigned British General Gage to be
  Massachusetts governor.

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First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia

• Brought the colonists together as Americans
• All delegates agreed that Parliament was exerting
  too much control
• It issued a Declaration of Rights protesting
  Great Britains actions
• Agreed not to import or use British goods
• Agreed to stop exports to Britain
• Formed a force of minutemen, colonial soldiers
  who would be ready to resist a British attack
  with short notice

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Conflict at Lexington and Concord
In April, British troops were ordered to
Lexington and Concord to seize stores of colonial
gunpowder and to capture Samuel Adams and John
Hancock. At Lexington, open conflict occurred and
eight Americans were killed. At Concord, the
British troops were forced to retreat and lost 70
men. This was the first instance of open warfare.
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The Second Continental Congress Takes Action

• Formed the Continental Army
• Appointed George Washington commander in chief
• Issued a Continental (national) currency

• Wrote A Declaration of the Causes and Necessity
  of Taking Up Arms
• Proposed reconciliation with King George III in
  the Olive Branch Petition

• King George III declared colonies to be in
  rebellion
• Parliament passed a law banning colonial trade
  outside the British Empire.

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The Declaration of Independence
Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, the
Declaration is a formal explanation of why
Congress had voted on July 2 to declare
independence from Great Britain, more than a year
after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary
War.
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The Treaty of Paris
In 1783, the Treaty of Paris ended the war and
recognized the sovereignty of the United States
over the territory bounded by what is now Canada
to the north, Florida to the south, and the
Mississippi River to the west.
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Part II The Early National Era
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The Constitution
The United States Constitution was written in
1787, but it did not take effect until after it
was ratified in 1789, when it replaced the
Articles of Confederation. The Constitution
created a much more powerful and efficient
central government, one with a strong president,
and powers of taxation.
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Alexander Hamilton
Hamilton was the primary author of the economic
policies of the George Washington
Administration, especially the funding of the
state debts by the Federal government, and the
establishment of a national bank, a system of
tariffs, and friendly trade relations with
Britain.
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John Adams
Adams was elected president in 1796. He signed
the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, and
built up the army and navy especially in the face
of an undeclared naval war (called the "Quasi
War") with France. The major accomplishment of
his presidency was his peaceful resolution of
this conflict in the face of Hamilton's
opposition.
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The Louisiana Purchase
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The War of 1812
The Americans declared war in 1812 for a number
of reasons, including a desire for expansion into
the Northwest Territory, trade restrictions
because of Great Britain's ongoing war with
France, impressment of American merchant sailors
into the Royal Navy, British support of American
Indian tribes against American expansion, and the
humiliation of American honor. The War ended in a
draw after bitter fighting that lasted until
January 8, 1815, during the Battle of New Orleans.
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James Madison
As president (18091817), he led the poorly
prepared nation into the War of 1812 against
Great Britain. During and after the war, Madison
reversed many of his positions. By 1815, he
supported the creation of the second National
Bank, a strong military, and a high tariff to
protect the new factories opened during the war.
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The Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine, expressed in 1823,
proclaimed the United States' opinion that
European powers should no longer colonize or
interfere in the Americas. The Doctrine was
adopted in response to American and British fears
over Russian and French expansion into the
Western Hemisphere.
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The Indian Removal Act
The Act was signed into law by President Andrew
Jackson on May 26, 1830. It paved the way for the
reluctantand often forcibleemigration of tens
of thousands of American Indians to the West.
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The Abolitionists
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Part III The Civil War
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US Secession map
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Jefferson Davis
On February 18, 1861, after he resigned from the
U.S. Senate, Davis was selected provisional
President of the Confederate States of America
he was elected without opposition to a six-year
term that November. During his presidency, Davis
took charge of the Confederate war plans but was
unable to find a strategy to stop the larger,
more powerful and better organized Union.
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Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln was an outspoken opponent of the
expansion of slavery. As a result, he secured the
Republican nomination and was elected president
in 1860. As president he concentrated on the
military and political dimensions of the war
effort. He issued his Emancipation Proclamation
in 1863, and promoted the passage of the
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution, abolishing slavery.
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The Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation is an executive
order issued by United States President Abraham
Lincoln during the American Civil War under his
war powers. It proclaimed the freedom of 3.1
million of the nation's 4 million slaves, and
immediately freed 50,000 of them, with the rest
freed as Union armies advanced.
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Robert Edward Lee
Robert Lee was a career United States Army
officer and combat engineer. He became the
commanding general of the Confederate army in the
American Civil War. Lee distinguished himself as
an exceptional soldier in the U.S. Army for 32
years. He is best known for having commanded the
Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the
American Civil War.
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Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses Grant was the 18th President of the
United States (18691877) as well as military
commander during the Civil War and post-war
Reconstruction periods. Under Grant's command,
the Union Army defeated the Confederate military
and ended the Confederate States of America.
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Parlor of the (reconstructed) McLean House, the
site of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's
surrender.
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THE END