Chapter 11: The French Revolution

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Chapter 11 The French Revolution Napoleon
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Section 1 The French Revolution Begins

• Background to the Revolution
• The French Revolution tried to create both a new
  political and social order.
• The Three Estates
• There were 27 million people in France society
  had been based on inequality since the middle
  ages long-term cause of the revolution

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First Estate

• consisted of clergy about 130,000 people
• owned 10 of the land
• exempt to taxes (taille)
• higher clergy members of aristocratic families
  shared interest of nobility
• lower clergy parish priest poor from lower
  classes

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Second Estate

• consisted of nobility about 350,000 people
• owned 25 30 of the land
• held leading positions in the government,
  military, courts, and church offices
• exempt from taxes

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Third Estate

• commoners of society overwhelming majority of
  population
• peasants 75 80 of population owned 35
  40 of land over half of peasants have no land
  peasants had obligations to landlords including
  fees for the use of village facilities
• City Workers poor worked for poor wages in poor
  conditions
• Bourgeoisie middle class 8 of population
  owned 20 25 of land were educated and had
  read the ideas of the Enlightenment upset with
  the monarchical system resting on privilege and
  the old social order

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Financial Crisis

• - immediate cause of the French Revolution was
  the collapse of government finances.
• - bad harvest or two years a slowdown in
  manufacturing rising prices for food high
  unemployment by the eve of the revolution
  one-third of the population was at a crisis point
• - The French government continued to spend
  enormous amounts of money on court luxuries and
  costly wars including the American Revolution
• - Therefore, Louis XVI was forced
• to call the Estates- General to raise
• new taxes.

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From Estates-General to National Assembly

• Estates-General
• representatives from all three estates
• third estate wanted to set up a constitutional
  government that would abolish tax exemptions for
  the first and second estates
• controversy over voting traditionally each
  estate had one vote first and second estate all
  voted together therefore third estate was always
  left out third estate wanted each member to
  vote king was in favor of the current system

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National Assembly

• third estate reacts by calling a meeting of
  themselves to draw up a constitution the
  National Assembly
• When they arrived to find their meeting doors
  locked they meet on a tennis court take Tennis
  Court Oath promise not to disband until a
  constitution is written

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STORMING OF THE BASTILLE

• July 14, 1789, the common people storm the
  Bastille royal troops helped them Louis XVI
  could no enforce his will therefore the National
  Assembly was saved

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Great Fear

• Revolutions break out all over France becomes
  known as the Great Fear citizens formed militias
  and attacked nobility many French nobles flee
  France

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The Destruction of the Old Regime

• King forces member of the first and second estate
  to meet in the National assembly
• Third Estate made huge progress when they voted
  to abolish the rights of landlords and abolish
  tax exemptions for the clergy and nobility
• National Assembly finally adopted
• the Declaration of the Rights of Man
• reflected Enlightenment thoughts
• charter of basic liberties proclaimed
• freedom and equal rights for all men
• access to public office based on talent
• all citizens get to take part in making
• laws, and freedom of speech and press
• were affirmed.

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• Olympe de Gouges wrote the Declaration of the
  Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in it she
  insists that women should have the same rights as
  men

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The King Concedes

• Louis XVI refused to accept the National
  Assemblys decree so thousands of women armed
  with broomsticks, lances, pitchforks, swords,
  pistols, and muskets march to Versailles
• ? A delegation of the women
• meet with Louis XVI and
• described how their children
• were starving and force the
• king to accept the new decrees
  they
• forces the royal family to return
  
• to Paris with them the Royal
  family
• become virtual prisoners in Paris

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Church Reforms

• ? The Catholic Church was seen as a part of the
  old order therefore the National Assembly
  reformed it too.
• ? The Assembly seized and sold Church lands?
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy was passed
  it made bishops and priest elected by the people
  and paid by the state
• ? Many Catholics become
• enemies of the revolution

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A New Constitution and New Fears

• The Constitution of 1791 set up a limited
  monarch still be a king put the Legislative
  Assembly would make the laws put an end to the
  old order
• Legislative Assembly consisted of 745
  representatives only men over 25 who paid a
  specific amount of taxes could vote
• Many opposed the New Order Catholic priest and
  nobles, lower classes hurt by the rise in the
  cost of living, and radicals who wanted even more
  drastic changes
• Louis XVI and his family tried to flee France
  they were recognized and brought back to Paris

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War with Austria

• European rulers began to fear the revolution
  would spread to their countries Austria and
  Prussia threatened force to restore Louis XVI to
  full power
• Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria
  Marie Antoinettes brother Joseph II is ruling
  there

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Rise of the Paris Commune

• Defeats in war and economic shortages in France
  led to radical political groups declaring
  themselves a commune they attacked both the
  royal palace and the Legislative Assembly
• Paris Commune took the king captive forced the
  Legislative Assembly to suspend the monarch and
  called for a National Convention with full
  universal male suffrage to decides the nations
  future form of government
• Power passed from the
• Legislative Assembly to
• the Commune or sans-culottes

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sans-culottes
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STUDY THE PAINTING BELOW AND CONSTRUCT A 1 PAGE
ESSAY DISCUSS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE
ESTATES USING THE NARRATIVE MODE OF WRITING (5
PARAGRAPH ESSAY)
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11.2 Radical Revolution and Reaction

• The Move to Radicalism
• - Georges Danton led Paris Commune
  appointed minister
• of justice
• - sans-culottes sought revenge on those
  who aided the king
• and resisted the popular will
  thousands arrested and
• massacred
• - Jean Paul Marat published
• journal called Friend of the People

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The Fate of the King

• National Conventions first major step was to
  abolish the monarch and establish the French
  Republic
• The Convention split into two factions over the
  fate of the king.
• ?Girondins represented rural areas feared the
  radical mobs supported keeping the king alive
• The Mountain represented the radicals of the
  cities supported putting Louis XVI to death
• The Mountain won The Convention beheaded Louis
  XVI on the guillotine in Jan. 1793

GIRONDINS MOUNTAIN
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Crisis and Response

• The execution of Louis XVI Outraged royalty all
  over Europe Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal,
  Britain, and the Dutch Republic took arms against
  the French
• If the coalition was successful, then the old
  regime would be reestablished.
• To meet this crisis, the National Convention
  created the Committee of Public Safety had broad
  powers defend France from threats were to direct
  the war effort was dominated by Maximilian
  Robespierre, Georges Danton, and Jean-Paul Marat

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Committee of Public Safety
Maximilian Robespierre
Georges Danton
Jean Paul Marat
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The Reign of Terror

• - a year period from 1793 1794
• when the Committee of Public
• Safety was in control
• The Reign of Terror revolutionary
• courts were set up to prosecute
• enemies of the republic close to
• 40,000 were killed
• Crushing Rebellion
• Revolutionary armies were to bring
• rebellious cities under control
• Lyon 1,880 citizens of the city were
• executed by guillotine or grapeshot
• Nantes victims were executed by

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The Republic of Virtue Committee of Public
Safety took steps to create a democratic republic
composed of good citizens

• titles citizen and citizeness were replaced by
  mister and madame
• women wore long dresses
• primary education for all was passed but not
  widely implemented
• Slavery was abolished
• Price controls were placed on necessities not
  always enforced by government
• National Convention pursued a policy of
  dechristianization churches were closed word
  saint removed from street signs priest were
  encouraged to marry a new calendar years was
  numbered from the first day of the French
  Republic eliminated Sundays and worship
  services failed to work because France was
  overwhelmingly catholic

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A Nation in Arms

• - French revolutionary government raised a one
  million man
• army largest ever seen pushed the European
  coalition back and conquered the Austrian
  Netherlands
• created modern nationalism first time the war
  was a peoples war therefore became more
  destructive
• - End of Terror By 1794, the French had
  defeated the European coalition there was less
  need for the Reign of Terror but Robespierre kept
  up the killing many began to fear they would be
  executed so the National Convention condemned
  Robespierre to the Guillotine after his death
  middle class leaders took control and the Reign
  of Terror came to an end.

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Guillotine
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The Directory

• - Constitution of 1795
• established a bicameral legislative assembly
  Council of 500 initiated legislation and the
  Council of Elders
• accepted or ejected proposed laws legislators
  were chosen by electors had to own or rent a
  large amount of property
• The Directory was an executive committee
  consisted of 5 men elected by the legislative
  assembly
• The Directory had to deal with royalist who
  wanted to restore the monarch and continue
  fighting wars started by the Committee of Public
  Safety plus a growing financial crisis therefore
  the Directory depended on the military to
  maintain power.
• 1799, Napoleon overthrows the government (coup
  detat) and seizes power.

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11.3 The Age of Napoleon

• The Rise of Napoleon
• - Napoleon Bonaparte dominated
• French and European history from
• 1799 to 1815 brought French
• Revolution to an end
• - Early Life
• born in Corsica 1769
• son of a lawyer family was Florentine nobility
• studied at a military school in France on
  scholarship
• became lieutenant in the French army 1785
• not liked by his fellow officers because he was
  short, had Italian accent, and little money

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Military Successes

• rose quickly through the ranks of the French army
• at 24 was made Brigadier general
• at 26 was made commander of the French armies in
  Italy gained confidence of his men
• at 27 given command of the army training to
  invade Britain proposed to invade British Egypt
  instead his army was cut off by the British and
  Napoleon abandoned his army

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Consul and Emperor

• - at 30 he helped overthrow the government
  of the
• Directory 1799
• a consulate was proclaimed (new government)
  Napoleon made himself first consul and held
  absolute power
• at 32 was made consul for life
• at 35 crowned himself emperor

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Napoleons Domestic Policies

• Peace with the Church
• Napoleon made peace with the oldest enemy of the
  revolution, the Catholic Church Not because of
  his own personal faith he was an enlightenment
  believer in reason
• 1801, Napoleon recognized Catholicism as the
  religion of the majority pope agreed not to ask
  for the return of the church lands seized during
  the revolution

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Codification of the Laws

• Napoleon unified French laws was 300 separate
  legal systems
• Most important was the Civil Code or Napoleonic
  Code it recognized equality before the law, the
  right to chose a profession, religious
  toleration, the end of serfdom, protected
  property rights, and outlawed unions and strikes
• Napoleons Civil Code undid revolutionary changes
  especially for women made it harder for women
  to divorce, husbands controlled wifes property,
  considered minors in law suits and their
  testimony was considered less reliable

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A New Bureaucracy

• Napoleon developed a powerful centralized
  government government careers were open to
  individuals based on their ability
• Napoleon created a new aristocracy based on
  service to the state. More than half were
  military officers and from the middle class.

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Preserver of the Revolution?

• The Civil Code preserved equality of citizens
  before the law.
• Opening government careers to talent
• Liberty was replaced by despotism
• Shut down most newspapers
• All books were censored by the government before
  published
• Mail was opened by government police

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Napoleons Empire

• Building the Empire
• When Napoleon became consul in 1799, France was
  still at war with the European coalition made
  peace in 1802, but in 1803 the war was renewed
  and by 1807, Napoleons Grand Army defeated
  Austria, Russia, and Prussia
• Napoleon could now create a new world order. His
  Grand empire had three parts
• 1. the French empire (the inner core)
• 2. the dependent states (kingdoms that Napoleons
  relatives ruled)
• 3. the allied states (Napoleon had defeated and
  forced to join him in the war against Britain)

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Spreading the Principles of the Revolution

• In the inner core and the dependent states,
  Napoleon tried to destroy the old order he urged
  rulers to be constitutional kings, nobility and
  clergy lost their privileges, opened jobs to
  talent, granted equality before the law, and
  granted religious toleration important factor
  in the development of liberal traditions in these
  countries

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The European Response Two major reasons
Napoleons empire collapsed

• 1. Britains Survival
• Largely due to its sea power and island location
• Battle of Trafalgar Lord Nelson destroyed a
  combined French-Spanish fleet destroyed all
  plans to attack militarily
• So Napoleon decides to destroy Britain
  economically by using the Continental System aim
  was to stop British goods from being sold in
  Europe failed
• Nationalism
• French aroused nationalism in two ways
• showed Europe what nationalism was and what a
  nation in arms could do and
• hatred of French oppressors caused patriotism to
  be stirred in opposition to Napoleon

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Battle of Trafalgar Lord Nelson
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The Fall of Napoleon

• Disaster in Russia
• 1812, Napoleons downfall begins with his
  invasion of Russia
• Russia refused to remain in the Continental
  System, therefore Napoleon decided to invade.
• Grand Army entered Russia with 600,000 men
  Russian forces refused to give battle instead
  they responded to Napoleon by using a scorched
  earth policy burned villages and countryside as
  they retreated
• French won at Borodino when Napoleon reached
  Moscow it was on fire and lacked food and
  supplies Napoleon begins the Great Retreat
  only 40,000 of Napoleons Grand Army returned
• Europeans attacked the crippled French Army and
  captured Paris in 1814, Napoleon was exiled to
  the island of Elba The Bourbon monarch was
  restored to Louis XVII

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Disaster in Russia
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The Final Defeat

• New King had little support Napoleon slips back
  into France troops were sent to capture him the
  troops came over to his side Napoleon returns to
  Paris and rules for the hundred days
• European powers pledge to defeat Napoleon again
  Napoleon raises another army and attacks in
  Belgium at Waterloo Napoleon was finally
• defeated by British and Prussian
• troops under the command of the
• Duke of Wellington Napoleon will be
• exiled to the island of St. Helena

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WATERLOO
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• IS THIS THE LAST SLIDE?

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