Shaping the New Nation...

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Shaping the New Nation...

• Chapter 1 2

What got us here?
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Review of American Revolution
Question Handout
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Setting up Government

• As states were developing their own
  constitutions, the delegates as the Continental
  Convention had to begin the process of developing
  a federal constitution.
• Questions delegates had to consider
• How would representation be determined?
• By population or state (equal)?
• Who has power?
• Is the federal govt to be supreme or the state
  governments?
• Who gets control of western lands?

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How would representation be determined?

• States were independent units
• Equal as a unit, but unequal in land size,
  wealth, and population
• Do the delegates represent the people or the
  states?
• Should each state elect the same of
  representatives regardless of population?
• Should states with large populations have more
  representatives than small states?

The decision Each state would have one vote
regardless of population!
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Does this decision last?
Ultimately, NO! They have to change it to please
the large states!
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Supreme Power?

• Without supreme powera govt could not function.
• The solution The Articles of Confederation
  (Nov. 1777)
• Which called for the sharing of powers.

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Articles of Confederation

• State and federal govt shared powers
• State was supreme in some matters, federal govt
  in others.
• Confederationalliance

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Federal Powers

• Declare war
• Make peace
• Sign treaties
• Borrow money
• Set standards for coins
• Establish postal service
• Deal with Native Americans

Top 3 were most important
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Problems

• No separate EXECUTIVE branch to enforce the acts
  of Congress.
• No national COURT SYSTEM to decide the meaning of
  the laws.
• WE ONLY HAD A LEGISLATIVE BRANCH UNDER THE
  ARTICLES!!!!!

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Western Lands

• Some states had claim to western lands because of
  their original charters.
• While others were now making demands for partial
  claim to lands west of the Appalachian Mtns.
• B/c of fear that states who already had claims
  might grow and overpower smaller states.
• 1781all states gave up claims to western lands
  in order for the Articles to go into effect.

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Western Lands

• What do they do with them?
• Land Ordinance of 1785 called for surveying of
  land in Ohio River Valley

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Northwest Ordinance

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787 land would be
  divided into no less than 3 nor more than five
  territories. Townships would be 6x6 miles.
• Set up requirements for new state admission
• Congress would appoint a territorial governor and
  judges
• Territory must have 5,000 voting residents
• Allowing settlers to write a temporary
  constitution and elect their own govt.
• Upon reach 60,000 settlers the area could write a
  state constitution to submit to Congress for
  approval of statehood.

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Northwest Ordinance

• Rightsfreedom of religion, property rights, and
  the right to trial by jury
• NO slavery in the territory

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The Confederation begins to encounter problems!

• Lacked national unity
• States pursued their own interest
• Confederation did not acknowledge the power of
  the people, b/c everything was considered equal
  by state.
• GA (25K ppl)MA (270K ppl)
• Couldnt change w/o state approval

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The Confederation begins to encounter problems!

• DEBT!
• Revolutionary War had cost the nation 160
  million.
• Lacking the power to tax, Congress requested the
  states approval to impose a tariff.
• States rejected, they argued that the
  Confederation Congress had no control over trade.

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The Confederation begins to encounter problems!

• Debts to the British could be collected in
  American courts
• Problem Congress could not force states to
  follow this
• Congress pledge to return property that had been
  seized from Loyalist during the war
• Problem Congress could not compel the states to
  do this
• Because Congress could not regulate trade or
  collect taxes, there was little they could do to
  force the British out

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The Confederation begins to encounter problems!

• Foreign relations
• Spain controlled the Mississippi River closed
  it to American navigation.
• Western farmers could not get crops to market.

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Review of weaknesses under the Articles of
Confederation

1. Congress could not tax
2. Congress could not regulate trade
3. Each state received one vote, regardless of
   population
4. 9/13 states needed to pass new laws
5. Articles could only be amended with approval of
   all states
6. No executive
7. No judicial
8. No national unity

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Shay's Rebellion

• Started when the government of Massachusetts
  decided to raise taxes instead of issuing paper
  money to pay off its debts.
• Farmers were most affected, and often lost their
  farms
• Farmers decided to rebelthey closed down several
  county courthouses to prevent farm foreclosures,
  and then marched to the state Supreme Court

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Shay's Rebellion

• Daniel Shaysa former captain in the Continental
  Army emerged as one of the rebellions leaders.
• Shays and about 1200 farmers headed to the state
  arsenal intending to seize weapons before
  marching on Boston, troops were ordered, before
  they could arrive, Shays and farmers had attacked
  the local militia
• Four farmers died, next day troops arrive and the
  rebellion is ended

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Call for change

• Rebellion and inflation were viewed as signs of a
  republic at risk
• Fear was that poor people would gain control with
  a democratic government, therefore, merchants,
  artisans, and creditors began to argue for a
  stronger central government

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Constitutional Convention

• People who supported a strong central government
  were called nationalist
• Nationalist include G. Washington, John Adams,
  Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison
  Robert Morris
• James Madison member of the VA Assembly and
  head of its commerce committee, believed a
  stronger national government was greatly needed

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Constitutional Convention

• Madison called for a meeting to discuss taxation
  and trade
• Discussed the weaknesses of the Articles
• Alexander Hamilton called for a future meeting of
  delegates in Philadelphia in May 1787
• Every state except for RI sent a delegate to
  Constitutional Convention

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Constitutional Convention

• 55 delegates, majority were lawyers, some
  planters and merchants
• Had previous experience in colonial, state of
  national government
• 39 had been members of the Confederation Congress
  
• 8 signed the Dec. of Independence
• Chose G. Washington as presiding officer

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Constitutional Convention

• Meetings were closed to the public as a means of
  insuring honest and open discussions
• Notable delegates also included Franklin,
  Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Roger Sherman,
  and James Madison

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Virginia Plan

• VA delegates came to the Convention with their
  own plan, which proposed A nation government
  ought to be established consisting of a supreme
  Legislative, Executive, and Judicial body.
• 2 house legislature, representatives reflect
  states population
• Would benefit large states, because
  representatives was reflective of state population

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Virginia Plan

• Delegates accepted the idea for 3 branches of
  government
• Smaller states opposed the changes that would
  decrease their power, due to lack of
  representatives
• Smaller states, therefore, proposed their own
  planthe New Jersey Plan

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New Jersey Plan

• Did not abandon the Articles of Confederation
• Modified them to make a stronger central
  government
• Single house in which each state was equally
  represented
• Federal government would also be given the right
  to raise taxes and regulate trade

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Which plan to go with???

• Delegates voted to proceed with Virginia Plan
• Decided to go beyond simply modifying the
  Articles, and moved to develop a new constitution

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How would they develop a new Constitution?

• Big states wanted to remain powerful
• Little states wanted protection from larger more
  powerful states
• Northern states and Southern states were divided
  as to how to go about treating slavery
• A compromise had to be developed

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Connecticut Compromise

• Smaller states were angered by the decision to
  move along with the VA plan
• Delegates threatened to walk out of the
  Constitutional Convention in Philly
• Pointed out that the Convention could not last
  forever
• Decision to compromise over the issues of
  representation became known as the Connecticut
  Compromise, also known as the Great Compromise

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Franklin's Proposal

• Ben Franklin proposed that state representatives
  in the House would depend on the states
  population
• In the Senate there would be equal representation
• Voters would elect the House, but state
  legislatures would elect senators

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3/5 Compromise

• Disagreement over counting slaves. Southern
  states wanted them counted, Northern states did
  not
• 3/5 Compromise reached, in which slaves would
  count as 3/5 of a person (every 5 slaves
  therefore counted as 3 persons)

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Fearful Farmers

• Farmers feared that more restrictions were to
  come
• Fears importation of slaves would be banned
• Southern states argued that Congress did not have
  the power under the new constitution to restrict
  trade

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Ratification

• Draft version of the Constitution was sent to
  Confederation Congress for approval
• Nine of the thirteen states had to ratify in
  order for it to take effect
• Created the principle of popular
  sovereigntyruled by the people
• Constitution also created the concept of
  federalismgovernment was divided between the
  federal and state governments

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New Government

• Separation of powers
• Legislature, executive, judicial
• Checks and balances
• Presidential veto
• Impeachment
• Amendments

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Questions to consider

• What were some of the problems with the Articles
  of Confederation? What was the solution to the
  problems?
• Who benefited from the VA plan, the NJ plan?
• What were the important aspects of the
  Connecticut Compromise, aka Great Comp.?

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Federalists vs. Anti-federalist

• Federalistssupported Constitution
• Wanted strong central govt promoted taxation
  and trade, opposed tariffs and duties
• Anti-federalistopposed it
• Wanted states to have equal control, tended to be
  lower to middle class people who could easily
  subside
• Included John Hancock, Patrick Henry, and
  various state governors

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Federalist Papers
Patrick Henry Anti-federalist
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The Federalist Papers

• Arguments in favor of the ratification of the
  Constitution
• Written by James Madison, Alex. Hamilton, and
  John Jay
• Helped to explain the Constitution and the laws
  that derive from it

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Ratification

• Certain states were ready to accept the
  Constitution, while others called for the
  creation of a Bill of Rights.
• 9 out of 13 states had to ratify the Constitution
  for it to take effect
• By 1788 all states except NC and RI had ratified,
  they were only waiting for a Bill of Rights.

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Government

• Washington sought to create various cabinet
  offices. Cabineta group of advisers to the
  president.
• Judiciary Act of 1789established 13 district
  courts, 3 courts of appeals, and the Supreme
  Court.

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Bill of Rights

• First 10 amendments to the Constitution.
• Demanded by the Anti-federalists before they
  agreed to ratification.

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Tariff of 1789

• Tariffrequired importers to pay a percentage of
  the value of their cargo before the cargo could
  proceed into the US.
• Harmed southern farmers!!!

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Hamilton and Finances
Hamilton and Finances

• Bondsnotes promising repayment of borrowed money
  with interest.
• Hamilton felt the government needed to be able to
  borrow money in order to function.
• Some argued that bonds harmed farmers, because
  they would not be paid back at value.
• Speculatorspeople willing to take a risk in
  hopes of a future financial gain.

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Bank of the United States
Bank of the United States

• Source of constant conflict!!!
• Madison argued against a Bank saying it was not a
  enumerated powerpower mentioned in the
  Constitution.
• Hamilton argued it was possible, because it was a
  implied powerpowers not mentioned, but implied
  as necessary and proper.

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Bank of the United States
Bank of the United States

• Bank was created for 20 years, after Washington
  signed the creation into law.

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Whiskey Rebellion

• Whiskey Rebellion was the result of a tax on
  whiskey, which prompted farmers to terrorize tax
  collectorsand destroy stills of those who paid
  the taxes.

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Hamilton and Jefferson

• Review chart on page 214

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Group Assignment

• Complete the quote assignment
• Gather into groups, review the assignment.
• Read the quotes, keep the chart on p. 214 in
  mind.
• RECORD WHO YOU THINK MADE THE QUOTE.

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Washington Foreign Politics

• French Revolution in 1789
• American sympathizers, until radicals seized
  government
• Radicals declared war on Britain leaving American
  leaders in the middle
• Federalist opposed it, Republicans supported the
  fight for liberty
• Proclamation of Neutrality the US would be
  friendly and impartial toward Britain and
  France

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Jays Treaty

• American ships were being intercepted at French
  ports by the British
• British were also inciting Native American
  attacks on western settlers
• Washington sent John Jay to Britain in an attempt
  to find a solution
• Trade would be harmed if war erupted again

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Jays Treaty

• British agreed to sign a treaty
• Britain had the right to seize goods bound for
  French ports
• Americans would not get compensated
• Britain agreed to international arbitration by a
  neutral country
• Most-favored nation status American merchants
  would not be discriminated against when they
  traded with Britain.
• Republicans were angered by treaty and accused
  Federalists of being pro-British.
• Treaty prevented WAR w/ GB.

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Jays Treaty
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Pinckneys Treaty

• Jays Treaty also helped the US win concessions
  from Spain
• Spanish and French were fearful that the British
  and Americans were going to attempt to seize
  Spains holdings in North America
• Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to negotiate with
  Spain.

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Pinckneys Treaty

• 1795Spanish signed the Treaty of San
  Lorenzoalso known as Pinckneys Treaty
• Granted US the right to navigate the Mississippi
  and deposit goods at in New Orleans
• Was greatly approvedespecially by farmers who
  could get their goods to the market faster

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Westward Expansion

• Mississippi River areafastest growing
• Abundant land, fertile soil, wide rivers, wide
  variety of fish and game
• Increased western settlement led to numerous
  conflicts with Native Americans
• Example Little Turtle and other Indian
  leaders sought to form an alliance to protect
  against invasions against settlers

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Westward Movement
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Westward Movement
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Crossing the Plains
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Future Maps of the West
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Native American defenses

• Fall 1790Little warriors defeated American
  troops led by Gen. Josiah Harmar
• Nov. 1791ambushed American forces led by Gen.
  Arthur St. Clair, killing nearly half his men.
• Anthony Wayne was sent to put down Native
  American resistance. Native Americans attacked
  at Battle of Fallen Timbers. Natives suffered
  heavy losses.

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Native American resistance

• 12 Native American nations signed the Treaty of
  Greenville.
• Agreed to give up part of what is today southern
  Ohio and Indiana in exchange for a yearly payment
  of 10,000 from the federal government
• Settlement into the region, by settlers, had
  greatly increased

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Washington Leaves

• Decided to retire
• Farewall Addresswarned Americans against
  sectionalismto avoid dividing the country into
  North against South or East against West.
• Election of 1796first openly contested election.
  Federalist nominated John Adams, Republicans
  nominated Thomas Jefferson
• John Adams won 71 to 68 in electoral votes

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John Adams
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Quasi-War with France
Quasi-War with France

• French were anger by Jays Treaty and began
  seizing goods from American merchant ships
• Adams did not want war. He sent Pinckney,
  Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to negotiate
  with France
• French efforts to get bribes before beginning
  negotiations was known as the XYZ Affair

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Quasi-War with France

• Americans and the French were up and arms, and
  began an undeclared war at sea that came to be
  known as the Quasi War.
• September 1800the two countries signed the
  Convention of 1800.
• US gave up all claims against France
• Affected domestic politics in the US

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Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien and Sedition Acts

• Federalist pushed four laws through
  Congressbecame known as Alien and Sedition Acts
• First three laws were aimed at alienspeople
  living in the country who were not citizens
• Fourth law was aimed at preventing seditionor
  incitement to rebellion

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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Resolutions criticized Alien and Sedition Acts
• Resolutions argued that since the states had
  created the Constitution, they could declare
  federal laws unconstitutional
• VA Resolutions introduced the theory of
  interpositions
• Kentucky Resolutions advanced the theory of
  nullification
• States used these ideas in later decades to
  defend their regional interest

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Election of 1800
Election of 1800

• John Adams were up for reelection, Republicans
  had nominated Jefferson for president and Aaron
  Burr for VP.
• Problem was that Jefferson and Burr had received
  the same number of votes, finally Jefferson got
  the extra vote, because of promises to keep
  Federalist leaders in powerful positions

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Election of 1800
Election of 1800

• Turning point in history
• Federalists controlled the army, the presidency,
  and Congress
• Demonstrated that power in the US could be
  peacefully transferred despite strong
  disagreements between the parties.

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Spains control of the Mississippi
Challenges facing Washington
French Revolution
British interference with shipping
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Challenges facing Adams
Quasi-War
French interference with shipping
XYZ Affair
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Launching a New Nation

• Jeffersons reign

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Timeline

• 1801Jefferson takes office
• 1803 Marbury v. Madison case decided Louisiana
  Purchase expands nation
• 1804 Lewis and Clark head west
• 1807 Embargo Act
• 1808 James Madison elected president
• 1812War with Britain
• 1814 Treaty of Ghent ended the war

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Jefferson Takes Office

• Finally won the election when Hamilton persuaded
  enough representatives to cast blank votes,
  giving Jefferson a two vote majority
• Hamilton did not favor Jefferson, but he agreed
  with his ideas more so than he did with Burrs
• Revolution of 1800Jeffersons term for his
  victory in the Election of 1800
• Wanted to appeal more to the common man

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Jeffersons Beliefs

• Shrink and simplify govt
• Reduced the size of military
• Lowered expenses for government social functions
• Jefferson eliminated all internal taxes reduced
  the influence of the Bank of the US

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Jeffersons Beliefs

• Felt that free trade would benefit the US because
  the raw materials and food that Americans were
  producing were in short supply in Europe

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Southern Dominance in Politics

• Jefferson was the first to take office in the new
  capital of Washington, D.C.
• Location reflected the influence of the South
• Federalists were unwilling to change their
  tactics, therefore giving the Republicans the
  backing of individuals in the South and western
  territories

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Supreme Court decisions

• Federalists were still influencing the judicial
  branch greatly
• Adams had pushed through the Judiciary Act of
  1801 which increased the of federal judges by
  16. Adams filled these positions, leaving the
  judges to be called midnight judges.
• Adams appointed John Marshall, who helped
  strengthen the power of the Supreme Court.

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Marbury v. Madison

• Appointment of midnight judges led to the case
• Marbury was to be appointed to the Court, however
  Madison, a Republican never delivered the papers.
  He filed suit, however, John Marshall declared
  the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.
• Marbury never received his commission. This was
  a small victory for the Republicans
• Case led to the creation of JUDICIAL
  REVIEWability of the Supreme Court to declare
  laws unconstitutional

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Louisiana Purchase

• American were fearful that the French were going
  to develop a great presence in the region
• Jefferson sent James Monroe to join Robert
  Livingston in Paris. During negotiations with
  the French, Americans became aware of the fact
  that Napoleons hopes for advancement had
  diminished. In 1803, Napoleon offered up the
  entire Louisiana Territory to the United States.

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Louisiana Purchase

• No time to consult, Monroe and Livingston
  accepted the offer at 15 million dollars.
• Senate approved the purchase treaty.
• Territory included land in the western
  tributaries of the Mississippi River basin
• More than doubled the size of the US
• Jeffersons hopes of decentralizing the
  government and simplifying the presidency had be
  lost

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Louisiana Purchase
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Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Explore the new territory
• Appointed Meriwether Lewis to head the
  expedition, Lewis chose Clark as the second in
  command
• Kept detailed records of journey
• Aided by SacajaweaIndian women who served as a
  guide and interpreter
• Expedition took 2 years and 4 months

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Lewis and Clark
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Lewis and Clark w/ Sacajewa
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War of 1812 Erupts
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Key Concepts

• Blockade seal up ports and prevent ships from
  entering or leaving
• Impressment the British practice of seizing
  Americans at sea and impressing, or drafting
  them into the British navy
• Embargo a ban on exporting products to other
  countries
• Believed the Embargo Act of 1807 would hurt
  Britain and the other European powers and force
  them to honor American neutrality

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Grievances Against Native Americans

• War Hawksa group young congressmen who
  encouraged warled by Clay and Calhoun
• Outraged by the presence of Native Americans in
  the Indiana Territory
• William Harrison got Indians to sign away 3
  million acres of tribal land to the US
  government. A confederacy of Native American
  warriors, led by Tecumseh, began fighting against
  the encroachment of settlers

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War of 1812

• Madison had achieve easy victory over Charles
  Pinckney
• He believed that Britain was trying to strangle
  American trade and cripple the American economy.
  Congress therefore approved the war declaration
  in June.
• American forced were ill prepared because of cut
  backs made by Jefferson

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War in Canada and America

• Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of the Thames,
  and the confederacy collapsed.
• British were still able to cripple the Americans
  by seizing ships
• British burned the Capitol, White House, and
  other major buildings

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Battle of New Orleans

• Andrew Jackson was to protect New Orleans from
  the British attack to come.
• As a result of the attack the British lost 100s
• Peace TreatyTreaty of Ghentdeclared an
  armisticean end to fighting
• The first 25 year of government under the
  Constitution had successfully came to an end

Battle of New Orleans song