UNIFICATION

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UNIFICATION OF ITALY
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After the American Revolution and Napoleonic
Wars, countries sought to unite for national
independence. This was known as Nationalism
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At the Congress of Vienna, the map of Europe was
redrawn and Italy sought a united Italian state.
Prince Metternich found the idea laughable and
divided the territory that became Italy amongst
other European powers.
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In 1815 Modern Day Italy did not exist.
-Separated into a number of independent states
mostly controlled by different powers, even
though they all spoke the same language -France
(Kingdom of 2 Sicilies) -Austria (Lombardy and
Venetia) -The Pope (Papal States)
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• By the 1860s Italy becomes one nation
• WHAT PREVENTED THIS PREVIOUSLY?
• Political Division
• Cultural Division
• dialects
• Economic Issues
• Trade barriers
• Poor transportation

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The road to Italian Unification began in 1831
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Risorgimento (ree-zawr-jee-mehn-toh) -means
resurgence or revival -an Italian Nationalist
movement
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Giusseppe Mazzini -From Genoa -Founded Young
Italy- a secret society seeking to make Italy
one, free independent nation -felt that having
a NATION STATE (a political organization
consisting of one nationality rather than
several) was important -In January of 1848
inspires a revolt in Sicily, leading to revolts
in other parts of Italy
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Pope Pius IX -Elected Pope in 1846 -Longest
reigning pope in history -Pardoned all
revolutionaries upon his election (leading to
more revolts) -Refused to go to war with Austria
to unify Italy because they were another Catholic
nation -Not liked by many because of his liberal
views -Essentially overthrown leading to a Roman
republic in 1849
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-Mazzini heads new Roman Republic Expulsion of
Pope angers other Catholic nations (Spain, Naples
and France) -Louis Napoleon of France sends
troops to restore Popes power and did, but
occupied the Papal States until 1870 and blocked
the unification movement
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-As a result of French occupation of the Papal
States, people lose faith in Mazzini as a leader
-Turn to Charles Albert of Sardinia (pictured
left) -Led a revolt against Austria in northern
Italy, but was defeated (granting them control of
Lombardy and Venetia) -He earned the respect of
the people through this revolt
-Italians now looked to Sardinia to head the
movement for Italian unification -Died in 1849
leaving Victor Emmanuel II (his son) in charge
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-Victor Emmanuel II kept alive the ideals of
Nationalism -More importantly, he named Count
Camillo di Cavour (left) Prime Minister of
Piedmont in 1852 -Cavour was known to be funny
looking with rumpled clothes but possessed great
personal charm -Was bold and intelligent and left
Victor Emmanuel an empire 5x greater than he
inherited it

• -Goals as Prime Minister were to
• Promote industrialization
• Reduce the Catholic Churchs influence
• Advance Nationalism (though not necessarily for
  all of Italy)

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Involvement in the Crimean War -Sardinia joined
on side of British and French (who wanted them to
join to get Austria to join in) -This was a
shrewd political move more than anything
-joined too late to be a military presence (1855
when the war started in 1853) -gained them an
invite to the Congress of Paris (where treaty
settling Crimean War is signed)
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WAR WITH AUSTRIA -In the summer of 1858 Napoleon
III and Cavour agree that France will aid
Sardinia in case of war -In return, Sardinia
would give Savoy and Nice to France if the
combined forces were to win

• -Cavour essentially forces Austria to go to war
  with Sardinia by
• Getting Lombardy to revolt
• Having Sardinia support the rebels
• Refusing to remove support when Austria demands
  Sardinia does so
• In April of 1859 Austria declares war on
  Sardinia

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Never trust the French!!! -The combined
French-Sardinian forces defeat Austria in
Lombardy -France suffers heavy casualties -In
July of 1859 Napoleon signs a treaty with Austria
without consulting Cavour -Sardinia gains
Lombardy, but Austria retained Venetia
-Without French support, Sardinia cannot fight
Austria alone and Victor Emmanuel agrees to
treaty despite Cavours wishes to continue the
war -Tuscany, Parma, Modeva, and the Papal
province of Romagna overthrew their rulers in
1859 and 1860 and joined Sardinia -Politicking,
Cavour gives Savoy and Nice to France anyhow
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• Garibaldi Seizes the South
• Southern Italy remained isolated from Revolutions
  until death of Ferdinand II (ruler of Kingdom of
  Two Sicilies
• Italian nationalists prepare for revolution
• Their leader? Giuseppe Garibaldi (left)
• Was a member of the Young Italy
• - Was forced into exile in 1830 for his part in
  the uprisings (went to South America)

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• Garibaldi (cont)
• While in S. America fought in several revolutions
  (gains experience)
• Became an expert in Guerrilla fighting (hit and
  run)
• Returns to Italy in 1848 and is active in
  Mazzinis Roman republic
• Fled to USA when republic falls
• Returns to Kingdom of Two Sicilies in 1860

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• Garibaldi (cont)
• Gained control over the island in a few weeks,
  then advanced toward Naples
• He and his Red Shirts fought the Kingdom of
  Two Sicilies and won due to the guerrilla tactics
• Cavour became nervous and sends army to the
  Papal States (wins)
• Southern Italy supports union with Sardinia
  (Oct 1860) and Garibaldi surrenders his conquest
  to Victor Emmanuel II

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• With Kingdom of Two Sicilies and Sardinia united,
  all of Italy is unified except for Rome (Papal
  State) and Venetia (Austria)
• A Constitutional monarchy of Italy is formed
• Count Cavour dies only three months after seeing
  his dream of a unified Italy come true

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• Problems facing the newly unified Italy
• Economic
• Cultural (South Poor and Agricultural North
  Industrial)
• Sardinia tries to force its laws and customs on
  others (leading to resentment from the others)
• Capital- should be Rome, but Pope still ruled the
  city

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• Gradually..
• Italy forms a unified army
• Roads are built to connect the north and south of
  Italy

• 3) In 1866 Italy allies with Prussia against
  Austria
• - Italians are promised Venetia
• Prussia defeats Austria and Italy gets Venetia
• 4) War between France and Prussia
  (Franco-Prussian) leads France to pull troops out
  of Rome in 1870Italians attack Pope and seize
  Rome
• 5) In 1871 Capital moved from Florence to
  Romecompletes unification of Italy