America becomes a world power: Imperialism

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America becomes a world power Imperialism
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Chapter 18America Claims an Empire

• Sec 1
• Imperialism
• And
• America

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DEFINITION OF IMPERIALISM
The policy of one nation extending it's authority
over another through territorial acquisition and
control over the government and economy in the
conquered nation.
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REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM

• Desire for military strength
• Gain new markets
• Belief in cultural superiority

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Desire for military strength

• Admiral Alfred T. Mahan
• Stated that great nations were always seafaring
  nations w/ powerful navies
• Urged a build up of American naval power to
  compete w/ other nations.
• Between 1883 1890 built 9 steel-hulled
  battleships Maine most famous
• Became worlds 3rd largest naval power

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THAYER MAHAN
COAL BURNING BATTLESHIP
COALING STATION
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The Great White Fleet
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The United States became an imperialist power to
gain more wealth
Year Imports Exports
1870 300 Million 350 Million
1875 900 Million 800 Million
1880 1.22 Billion 1.0 Billion
1889 900 Million 800 Million
1892 1.2 Billion 1.42 Billion
1899 1.3 Billion 1.35 Billion
1903 1.7 Billion 1.8 Billion
1914 1.6 Billion 2.8 Billion
THE UNITED STATES NEEDED NEW MARKETS TO EXPORT
THE SURPLUS PRODUCTS OF ITS FARMS AND FACTORIES
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SOCIAL DARWINISM
Based on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and
the survival of the fittest but applied to
society and politics. The wealthy are the strong
and therefore have the right to rule the poor who
are weak. The United States, as a strong nation,
must dominate weaker nations.
Philosopher Herbert Spencer who developed the
theory of Social Darwinism
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Missionary zeal, the desire to convert heathen,
non-believers led to people moving to
uncivilized areas in hopes of helping natives
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America's first attempts at imperialism

• Alaska
• Hawaii

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Alaska

• Sec. of State William Seward
• Had trouble convincing the House of
  Representatives
• 1867 bought Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million
• 1959 became our 49th state

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Hawaii

• By 1867 Hawaii had become economically important
  to the U.S.
• For over a century American merchants stopped
  there on the way to China and East India.
• By the mid 19th century, American owned sugar
  plantations accounted for ¾ of the islands
  wealth

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Missionaries from the U.S. went to Hawaii in the
late early 19th century
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Hawaii

• 1875 U.S. agreed to import Hawaiian sugar duty
  free.
• The McKinley Tariff of 1890 eliminated the duty
  free status.
• Hawaiian sugar growers faced competition in
  American market
• Planters called on the U.S. to annex Hawaii
  wouldnt have to pay the duty

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Hawaii

• 1887 Hawaiian King Kalakaua was forced by white
  business owners to amend the constitution
• Voting rights limited to wealthy landowners
• 1891 he died and his sister, Queen Liliuokalani
  came to power
• Adopted a Hawaii for Hawaiians agenda

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Queen Liliuokalani, LAST QUEEN OF
HAWAII (September 2, 1838  November 11, 1917)
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Hawaii

• Queen Liliuokalani wanted to remove the property
  qualifications to be able to vote
• Business groups organized a revolution
• With help of U.S. Marines, they overthrew the
  Queen

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SANFORD DOLE Became president of the Republic of
Hawaii after the queen was overthrown. Hawaii was
annexed as part of the U.S. in 1898.
In 1959, Hawaii became our 50th state
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America becomes a world power Imperialism
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Spanish American War

• Role of media
• U.S.S. Maine
• War in Cuba
• Philippines
• Differing opinions on imperialism

Ch 18, Sec 2
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PROBLEMS BETWEEN CUBA AND THEIR SPANISH RULERS
DOMINATE AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AT THE END OF
THE 19TH CENTURY
CUBA
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Cubans Rebel Against Spain

• 1st war for independence
• 1868-1878 not successful but abolished slavery
• American capitalists immediately invested
  millions on large sugar cane plantations

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Cubans Rebel Against Spain

• 2nd war for independence
• Launched in 1895
• Lead by José Martí
• Cuba Libre
• Organized resistance against Spain
• Active guerilla campaign
• Destroyed American owned sugar mills
  plantations

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José Martí was a poet, writer, journalist, and
Cuban national hero. He died fighting the Spanish
on May 19, 1895
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Spains Response to Martí

• 1896 General Valeriano Weyler
• Ordered to crush the rebellion
• Herded entire rural population of central
  western Cuba in concentration camps
• Estimated 300,000 filled the camps
• Thousands died of hunger disease

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Yellow Journalism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington You furnish
the pictures, and Ill furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
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YELLOW JOURNALISM

• IN 1898 NEWSPAPERS WERE THE MAJOR SOURCE OF
  INFORMATION FOR THE PUBLIC.
• PEOPLE LACKED THE ABILITY TO VERIFY IF THE
  STORIES WERE BIASED OR INACCURATE AND THEREFORE
  RELIED UPON NEWSPAPERS TO TELL THE TRUTH.
• PULITZER AND HEARST TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE
  PUBLICS IGNORANCE BY TWISTING THE TRUTH TO SELL
  MORE NEWSPAPERS.
• SENSATIONALIZED STORIES WERE FEATURED HEAVILY IN
  THEIR NEWSPAPERS SINCE EXCITING HEADLINES
  INCREASED CIRCULATION.

CARTOON WHERE THE TERM YELLOW JOURNALISM CAME
FROM
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NEWSPAPERS FOCUSED ON SPANISH ATROCITIES UPON THE
CUBAN PEOPLE TO IGNITE PASSIONS AGAINST SPAIN
SPANISH GENERAL WEYLER WAS SEEN AS A BUTCHER
IN THE U.S. FOR HIS TREATMENT OF THE CUBAN PEOPLE
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The De Lôme Letter

• Written by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish
  Minister in Washington, D.C.
• The letter, was sent to a friend in Havana and
  was stolen from the Post Office
• It was released by Cuban rebels to Hearst's
  newspaper.

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The De Lôme Letter

• The letter criticized President William McKinley
  "... McKinley is weak and catering to the
  rabble"
• On February 9, 1898, the letter was published in
  the New York Journal, (Hearst)
• This event fired up an otherwise inactive
  President McKinley
• Helped foment public sentiment in favor of the
  Cuban rebels and against the Spanish
• It is seen as one of the principal triggers of
  the Spanish-American War of 1898.

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ALL THAT WAS NEEDED TO START A WAR WAS A SPARK
AND THIS CAME ON FEBRUARY 15, 1898, IN HAVANA
HARBOR.
U.S.S. MAINE in Havana Harbor blew up killing 260
men
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Yellow journalists were quick to blame the
Spanish
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Remember the Maine

• Rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba
• April 11, 1898 McKinley asked Congress for
  permission to use force against Spain
• April 20, 1898 U.S. declares war on Spain

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US FORCES CONQUER THE PHILIPPINES
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U.S. DESTROYS THE SPANISH FLEET AT MANILA BAY
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ADMIRAL DEWEY, HERO OF THE NAVAL BATTLE OF MANILA
BAY

• On April 30, 1898 The U.S. fleet opened fire on
  the Spanish fleet.
• Within hours Spanish fleet destroyed.
• American troops land joined forces with
  Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo
• August, 1898 Spanish troops surrendered.

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War in Cuba

• U.S. Small professional Army
• 125,000 volunteers
• Camps lacked supplies
• Lacked effective leaders
• Not enough modern guns
• Wool uniforms unsuitable for Cubas climate
• Led by Civil War veterans talked instead of
  trained

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War in Cuba

• Landed in June 1898 moved towards the port city
  of Santiago
• 17,000 troops
• 4 African-American regiments (regular Army)
• Volunteer cavalry unit the Rough Riders
• Led by Leonard Wood Teddy Roosevelt

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Theodore Roosevelt

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley
  administration.
• Imperialist and American nationalist.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the
  backbone of a chocolate éclair!
• Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

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Battle of San Juan Hill

• Most famous battle of the war
• Rough Riders 2 African-American units made a
  dramatic charge up Kettle Hill.
• Attack cleared the way for the strategically
  important San Juan Hill.
• Rough Riders minor role at San Juan Hill
• Newspapers made him hero of San Juan Hill

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BATTLE SCENE WITH TEDDY ROOSEVELT ON THE HORSE
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THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH RIDERS IN CUBA
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U.S. OCCUPIES TWO MORE SPANISH COLONIAL
POSSESSIONS
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The Treaty of Paris 1898

• Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
• Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.
• The U. S. paid Spain20 mil. for
  thePhilippines.
• The U. S. becomesan imperial power!

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THE U.S. BECOMES AN IMPERIAL POWER

• HAWAII 1898
• MIDWAY ISLAND 1867
• WAKE ISLAND 1898
• GUAM 1898
• JOHNSTON ISLAND 1898
• PALMYRA ISLAND 1898
• SAMOA ISLAND 1899
• PHILIPPINES 1898
• PUERTO RICO 1898

What is happening in this cartoon?
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Significance of the Spanish-American War

• Respect from European powers.
• National pride.
• US became a Far Eastern power.
• The beginnings of the might of the US Navy.
• Closing the gap on North-South animosities by
  helping end the legacy of bitterness since the
  Civil War.

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America becomes a world power Imperialism
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Chapter 18America Claims an Empire

• Sec 3
• Acquiring New Lands

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Puerto Rico
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Puerto Rico 1898

• 1900 - Foraker Act.
• PR became an unincorporated territory.
• Citizens of PR, not of the US.
• Import duties on PR goods
• 1901-1903 ? the Insular Cases.
• Constitutional rights were not automatically
  extended to territorial possessions.
• Congress had the power to decide these rights.
• Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were
  legal!

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Puerto Rico 1898

• 1917 Jones Act.
• Gave full territorial status to PR.
• Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the
  US.
• PRs elected theirown legislators governor to
  enforcelocal laws.
• PRs could NOT votein US presidentialelections.
• U.S. citizenship was granted.

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CUBA
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Cuban Independence?

• Teller Amendment (1898)
• Recognized Cubas independence from Spain.
• The U.S. had no intentions of taking over any
  part of Cuba.

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Cuban Independence?

• Platt Amendment (1903)
• Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
  foreign powers that would endanger its
  independence.
• The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
  necessary to maintain an efficient, independent
  govt.
• Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
  naval and coaling station.
• Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Senator Orville Platt
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Cuban Independence?

• U.S. would not withdraw until Cuba adopted the
  Platt Amendment.
• Cubans protested U.S. stood firm.
• Cubans reluctantly ratifies new constitution
• Platt Amendment in effect for 31 years.
• Cuba became a U.S. protectorate a country whose
  affairs are partially controlled by a stronger
  power.

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The Philippines
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Filipinos Rebel

• U.S. replaced Spain
• February 1899, Aguinaldo lead a revolt
• Lasted 3 years U.S. won
• 20,000 Filipinos died
• 4,000 Americans died
• Philippines became independent on July 4, 1946

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Emilio Aguinaldo

• Leader of the FilipinoUprising.
• July 4, 1946Philippine independence

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China
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FOREIGN INTERVENTION IN CHINA TAKES CENTER STAGE
AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY
RUSSIA 1896-1898
BRITAIN 1898
GERMANY 1898
BRITAIN 1842
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The Open Door Notes

• Secretary John Hay.
• Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.
• Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by
  any one foreign power.

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The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
• 55 Days at Peking.

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The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• Revolt of Chinese against Foreigners.
• Secret societies were formed to rid China of the
  foreign devil.
• The most famous secret group were the Boxers.
• Called boxers because most were martial artists
  and Westerners did not know what to call them.

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The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• The Boxers killed 100s of missionaries and other
  foreigners.
• Killed Chinese converts to Christianity.
• Aug. 1900 Britain, France, Germany and Japan
  joined 2,500 American soldiers.
• Marched onto the Chinese capital.
• The international forces put down the rebellion
  in 2 months.

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Protecting American Rights

• The Open Door Policy held 3 beliefs
• Growth of U.S. economy depends on exports
• A right to intervene to keep foreign markets open
• Feared that closing an area to American products,
  citizens or ideas threatened U.S. survival.

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America becomes a world power Imperialism
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Chapter 18America Claims an Empire

• Sec 4
• America As A World Power

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Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United
States In officeSept. 14, 1901  March 4, 1909
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TEDDY ROOSEVELTS FOREIGN POLICY
Speak softly and carry a big stick.
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TEDDY ROOSEVELTS FOREIGN POLICY

• West African proverb.
• From Monroe Doctrine of 1823.
• European countries to stay out of the affairs of
  Latin American countries.
• Added the Roosevelt Corollary
• The U.S. would use force to protect its economic
  interests in Latin America.

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panama canal

• The need for a canal
• Panama revolution
• Building the canal

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U.S. interests turned toward Central America and
a quicker way of moving ships between the east
and west coast of North America
15,000 MILES
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SEARCHING FOR POTENTIAL SITES FOR A CANAL IN
CENTRAL AMERICA
2 possible sites
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PANAMA, A PROVINCE OF COLOMBIA, WAS CHOSEN FOR
THE SITE OF THE PROPOSED CANAL
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ADVANTAGE OF AN ISTHMIAN CANAL
8,000 miles
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TWO POLITICAL CARTOONS ON COLOMBIAS REFUSAL TO
ACCEPT TRS PURCHASE OFFER PRICE OF 40 MILLION
IN 2002 40 MILLION WOULD BE 830 MILLION
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ROOSEVELTS SOLUTION WAS TO SUPPORT A PANAMANIAN
REVOLUTION
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Panama Revolution

• 1903, U.S. aided Panamanian rebels in winning
  their independence from Columbia.
• So we can build the canal at a cheaper price.
• In 1921 we paid Columbia 25 million as away of
  apologizing.

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Building the canal

• French tried in the late 1800s
• Gave up after 10 yrs due to malaria, yellow
  fever, and the difficulty of building the Canal.
• 1903, the U.S. bought Frances claim for 40
  million after winning Panamas independence,
  construction began in 1904.

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In Cuba Dr. Gorgas learned yellow fever was
transmitted through mosquitoes. His discovery
allowed the canal to be built.
1905 fumigation car eradicatingthe mosquitoes
1905 Yellow Fever Quarantine Station
WILLIAM C. GORGAS
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Panama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)
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Construction of the canal
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PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT VISITS THE CANAL CONSTRUCTION
SITE IN 1906
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Mira Flores, Panama
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1914 Opening of the Panama Canal
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Panama canal today
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America becomes a world power Imperialism
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Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United
States In officeMarch 4, 1913  March 4, 1921