Becoming A World Power

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Becoming A World Power

• Chapter 18

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• The Industrial Revolution started in Great
  Britain and spread to the Continent and then the
  USA
• Gross National Product (GNP)
• 1850 Great Britain, France, USA, Germany
• 1880 USA, Great Britain, Germany, France
• 2000 USA, Japan, China, Germany

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• USA has been the most powerful country in the
  world economically since after the Civil War
• Technical innovations in the late 19th century,
  natural resources, and an educated work force
  enabled us to gain this position
• USA was conscious of their position and anxious
  to keep it

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In 1890, the USA lagged behind in Imperialism and
Colonialism
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• Imperialism stronger nations dominate weaker
  nations
• Colonialism building settlements in foreign
  territories that are under the control of the
  dominant nation

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• The British Empire Canada, Australia, New
  Zealand, Egypt, Sudan, South Africa, India,
  Bermuda, The Bahamas, Jamaica, Belize

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• The French Empire French Indochina, French West
  Africa, Madagascar, Haiti and French Guiana

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• The German Empire Southwest Africa, East Africa,
  Indonesia, Suriname

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Causes
Growth of Imperialism in Europe and
Asia Economic Factors Nationalism Military Hum
anitarian Factors Adventure/Pioneer Spirit
United States Expansion
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Economic Factors

• Natural Resources
• New Markets
• US already had economic interests abroad that
  they wanted protected

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Nationalism

• Extreme Patriotism
• Belief that your nation is the best and other
  countries are inferior

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Military

• Military is superior and growing stronger why
  not use them?
• Secure bases around the world

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Humanitarian Factors

• Cure diseases
• Spread democracy
• Evangelism Spread Christianity

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Humanitarian Factors

• Social Darwinism
• American culture is superior
• We are obligated to share it
• We can take over other territories because we are
  better

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Adventure

• New Frontiers Turner and Roosevelts theory
  that Americans need new lands to conquer to keep
  the pioneer spirit alive

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Previous American Expansion

• 1776 1830s Bought land from France and Spain
• 1830 1850s Manifest Destiny
• Annexed Texas
• Mexican American War
• 1867 Bought Alaska (7.2M) took Midway
  (uninhabited)
• 1875 Treaty with Hawaii for exclusive trade

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Hawaii

• Strategically located in the Pacific Ocean
  between San Francisco and China
• Americans traded there for decades
• Christian missionaries reformed the natives
• American businessmen bought or traded large
  tracts of land for sugar plantations

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Hawaii

• (1875) Agreements between USA and King Kalakaua
• Sugar imported to USA without tariffs
• Hawaii could not sell to other countries
• USA leased Pearl Harbor
• (1891) Queen Liliuokalani resisted American
  control

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Hawaii

• (1893) Sanford B. Dole and US marines took over
  the country and declared it an independent
  republic without permission of Congress

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Hawaii

• President Grover Cleveland apologized and refused
  to annex Hawaii (Dole became president of Hawaii)
• (1898) President McKinley ordered Hawaii annexed
  and it became an American territory
• Hawaii became our 50th state in 1959

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Hawaii
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• Americans gradually accepted the idea of American
  Imperialism but assumed it would be done
  peacefully and at no expense to them
• They soon realized the mistake of these
  assumptions

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Section 2 - 3The Spanish American War

• April, 1898 December, 1898
• A Splendid Little War

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Causes

• Imperialism Americans were seeking foreign
  lands, and influence on world affairs
• Spanish colonial rule brutal and oppressive
• American economic interests in Cuba
• Yellow journalism
• Jingoism
• USS Maine

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Review of the Monroe Doctrine

• Issued in 1823 by Monroes Secretary of State
• Stated that the USA would prevent any foreign
  intrusion in the Western Hemisphere
• In 1823, USA had no power to enforce it
• By 1890, USA had a strong military and the
  ability to enforce it

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• (1891) USA successfully demanded reparations
  from Chile for the deaths of 2 American sailors
• (1893) USA prevented a revolt in Brazil
• (1895) USA arbitrated a border dispute between
  British Guiana and Venezuela

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Colonial Cuba
Spanish misrule / anarchy
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The Cuban Revolt

• Cubans wanted independent rule from Spain
• Revolt began in 1868 but they reached a truce 10
  years later
• Revolt began again in 1895
• Spain was not interested in a truce

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The Cuban Revolt

• Spain sent their military (General Weyler) to
  forcefully deal with the insurrection
• Cubans were placed in concentration camps, where
  over 200,000 died of disease and malnutrition

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The Cuban Revolt

• USA refused to get involved
• Cuban rebels began destroying American owned
  sugar plantations and mills
• US businessmen urged a military response, but
  Presidents Cleveland and McKinley refused

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Yellow Journalism

• New York World Joseph Pulitzer
• New York Morning Journal W. R. Hearst
• Competition between the 2 papers led to
  spectacular headlines and a loose concern for the
  truth
• Possibility of war increased circulation for
  both of them
• Does the same hold true now?

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Jingoism

• Name came from a British song We dont want to
  fight, yet By Jingo!.....
• Term came to represent national pride that was
  expressed as contempt for inferior nations
• Racist

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Spark

• Cuban unrest was still threatening US citizens
  and property
• President McKinley sent the U.S.S. Maine to
  Havana Harbor for protection
• February 15, 1898 U.S.S. Maine exploded and
  killed 250 American sailors
• World and Journal demanded war

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Spanish American War

• President McKinley gave Spain one last ultimatum
• Spain agreed to three of the four demands but
  refused to grant Cuban independence
• USA declared war on Spain in April, 1898
• War would take place in the Spanish colonies

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Spanish American War

• The Philippines
• Before the planned attack on Cuba took place,
  Admiral Dewey launched a surprise attack on the
  Spanish Pacific Fleet
• Complete and total victory over the Spanish in
  Manila Bay

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Spanish American War

• Cuba
• American navy destroyed their Atlantic Fleet at
  Santiago
• Roosevelt and the Rough Riders led the attack in
  Cuba

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Spanish American War

• Puerto Rico
• American navy bombarded San Juan
• US troops landed in July but met little
  resistance

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Spanish American War

• Victory was assured by July
• Official treaty was signed in December, 1898
• Spain ceded 4 territories and the USA paid Spain
  20 million

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Results of the Spanish American War

• Spanish lost their major colonies and would
  continue to decline in power
• America would gain new territories
• Cuba
• Puerto Rico
• The Philippines
• Guam

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Results of the Spanish American War

• 3. Theodore Roosevelt would become a war hero
• 4. American deaths reached 2500 but approximately
  2100 were caused from disease and food poisoning
• 5. The Filipino Insurrection would immediately
  follow

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Cuba

• Teller Amendment was attached to the war
  declaration guaranteed Cuban independence
• (1898 1902) Cuba under military rule
• Cuba drafted a constitution similar to the US
  Constitution
• Platt Amendment was attached to Cuban Constitution

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Cuba

• Platt Amendment
• Cuba became an American protectorate
• Cuba could not sign any treaties with foreign
  countries without US approval
• Cuba would lease land to the USA for naval bases
• USA intervened in Cuba several times
• In effect until 1934

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US Naval Base in Cuba
Note Cuba is 90 miles from the coast of Florida
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Puerto Rico

• Foraker Act in 1900 removed military control
• Became US territory
• Became US citizens in 1917 (Jones Act)
• Became Commonwealth in 1952
• Representatives to Congress but they can not vote
• Statehood could be imminent

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The Philippines
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• When I realized that the Philippines had dropped
  into our laps, I confess that I did not know what
  do do with them..I walked the halls of the White
  House night after night.and prayed to Almighty
  God for light and guidanceAnd one night, it came
  to me this way

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• 1. that we could not give them back to Spain,
  that would be cowardly and dishonest
• 2. that we could not turn them over to France or
  Germany..that would be bad business and
  discreditable
• 3. that we could not leave them to
  themselves..they were unfit for self-government
  and they would soon have anarchy and misrule
  worse than Spains war

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• 4. that there was nothing left for us to do but
  to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos,
  and uplift and civilize and Christianize them as
  our fellow men for whom Christ also died

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Filipino Insurrection

• Filipinos fought with the USA against Spain in
  1898
• Declared their independence Jan. 1899
• War between the Filipinos and Americans broke out
  in February
• Three year war would kill 4000 Americans with
  another 3000 wounded

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Filipino Insurrection

• Filipino losses were staggering
• 16,000 rebels
• 200,000 civilians (estimated)

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The Philippines

• The Philippines would remain under American
  control until July 4, 1946
• The USA sent billions of dollars in economic aid
  until the 1990s
• The USA would maintain military bases on the
  Philippines until the 1990s. The last American
  serviceman left on November 24, 1997
• (We were asked to leave.)

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Somoa

• Polynesian Islands
• Divided between Great Britain, Germany and USA
• Great Britain withdrew
• Germany lost all colonies/territories in WWI
• USA still controls American Somoa and the port of
  Pago Pago

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China

• Chinese products included silk and spices
• Huge population meant new markets for
  manufactured goods

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Spheres of Influence

• Russia, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, and France
  all controlled major Chinese ports
• USA sent Open Door notes in 1899 and later in
  1908 to insure open trade in China

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China

• (1900) The Boxer rebellion resulted in the
  deaths of 300 foreigners
• Rebellion was put down (brutally) by Chinese and
  European troops
• USA did not want the European countries to use
  that as an excuse to obtain complete control in
  China
• Insisted on Open Door Policy

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• Within a period of 10 years the USA had become a
  world power
• While proving we had economic power decades
  earlier, we now proved that we had military and
  political power as well
• World Power today?
• Reaction to Tsunami

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Section 4A New Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy after the Spanish-American War
Big Stick Diplomacy
Panama Canal
Dollar Diplomacy
Moral Diplomacy
Encouraged Revolution in Columbia Leased Canal
Zone from Panama
Influenced relations in L. America US Navy used
to back diplomacy
Open Door in China stability in L.
America Economic assistance
USA in Mexico for moral reasons USA backs a
stable government
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Panama Canal

• Voyage from New York to San Francisco around Cape
  Horn
• approximately 15,000 miles
• dangerous
• Railroad route across Central America was
  unreliable and slow
• Land routes were dangerous due to rugged terrain
  and disease

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Location of Panama / Columbia
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Panama Canal

• Shortest route was through the Panama area of
  Columbia
• 52 miles across
• Leased right of way to the French
• French attempted but failed to build a canal
• Offered the lease to the Americans

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Panama Canal

• President Roosevelt tried to negotiate a treaty
  with Columbia
• When that failed, Americans assisted rebels in
  taking the territory and declaring themselves
  independent
• Panama became a separate country and immediately
  leased the canal zone to the USA

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Panama Canal

• USA began construction in 1906
• Spread of disease was limited because of
  isolation of victims and destruction of
  mosquito's habitat

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Panama Canal

• The Panama Canal officially opened in 1914
• It remained an American territory until 1977
• Gradually control was turned over to the
  Panamanians
• Completed on December 31, 1999

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Freighter traveling through the Panama Canal
One of four locks in the Panama Canal
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Location of Panama Canal
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Big Stick Diplomacy

• President Roosevelt added a corollary to the
  Monroe Doctrine
• USA would become an international police force
• Speak softly and carry a big stick
• Big stick was the US Navy
• Invaded and occupied many nations over the 20th
  century

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Dollar Diplomacy

• President Tafts idea for gaining the support of
  Latin American countries
• Sent millions of dollars in aid to various
  countries that were supportive of the USA
• Much of the aid was embezzled by corrupt leaders
• People in the countries generally resented the
  USA for supporting repressive regimes

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Moral Diplomacy(Foreign Policy)

• Mexico experienced many revolts between the
  1820s and the 1930s
• The USA generally did not interfere until 1911,
  when President Diaz was overthrown
• A dictator, Huertes took control of the country
• President Wilson felt it was our moral
  responsibility to support his opposition

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Mexico

• Pancho Villa, a Mexican rebel, opposed US
  interference
• He raided Columbus, New Mexico and killed 8
  civilians and 10 soldiers (100 Mexicans were
  killed in the raid)
• General Pershing was sent in to Mexico to capture
  Pancho Villa
• He was recalled a year later

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Debating Americas New Role
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Anti-Imperialism

• Arguments
• Racist
• Labor Issues
• Immigration Issues
• Expensive
• Could require the draft
• Anti-Democratic

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Americas New Role Imperialism Viewed from
Abroad

• Countries began to depend on the USA for military
  and economic assistance
• Yankee go home became a familiar refrain,
  particularly in Latin America
• The same issues that arose in 1900 still plague
  us today
• What right do we have to interfere in foreign
  nations
• What responsibilities do we have toward foreign
  nations

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The End!