U.S. Imperialism

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U.S. Imperialism

• 1865-1917

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Imperialism

• By 1900 the U.S. was a world power with control
  over worldwide empire
• The New Imperialism
• Markets materials
• Safety valve for labor unrest
• Peaceful expansion?

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International Darwinism

• Applied to nations
• and races
• Must impose religion
• culture and politics

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Pushing Imperialism

• Missionaries
• Rev. Josiah Strong Our Country Its Possible
  Future and Present Crisis strongest survive,
  Christian duty
• Politicians Republicans allied with business,
  Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge
• Naval Power Alfred T Mahan The Influence of
  Sea Power Upon History
• Popular Press Yellow Journalism

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Alaska Purchased from Russia 1867
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Secretary of State William Seward is mocked for
his folly
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Hawaiian Coup - 1898
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U.S. Colonization of Hawaii

• 1849 Treaty of Friendship is signed
• 1850s Protestant missionaries move in
• 1870s-1890s U.S. sugar plantations dominate
  Hawaiian economy
• 1893 USS Boston sent gt Queen Liliuokalani is
  deposed
• 1898 President McKinley successfully pushes for
  annexation

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The Last Queen of Hawaii
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Yellow Journalism

• Pulitzer Hearst competition for newspaper
  readership
• Cuban war for independence provides opportunity
  for exaggeration, sensationalism deception
• You furnish the pictures, Ill furnish the war.
  William Randolph Hearst

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Road to War

• Cuban Revolt 1895
• Yellow Press
• jingoism
• De Lome Letter 1898
• Spanish diplomat
• Critical of McKinley

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Remember the Maine - act of war or yellow
journalism?
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A Splendid Little War?

• Spanish-American war ended quickly w/relatively
  low casualties (mostly from illness)
• But former ally Emilio Aguinaldo continued the
  Philippine Revolution against the U.S. for 3
  years
• -over 1 millions Filipinos are killed, many of
  starvation while in concentration

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Results of Spanish-American War

• U.S. Defeats European Power
• Control of Caribbean
• Puerto Rico becomes U.S. territory (Teller
  Amendment ignored)
• Cuba becomes U.S. protectorate
• Platt Amendment U.S. has virtual veto power in
  Cuban affairs
• Empire in South Pacific
• Philippines Guam

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The Anti-Imperialist League

• William Jennings Bryan
• Opposed further acts of aggression
• Did the Constitution follow the flag?
• Bryan Yes
• Imperialist NO
• Supreme Court No (The Insular or Island
  cases)

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Knock, Knock!

• U.S. pushes for Open Door Policy in China to
  counter European Spheres of Influence
• John Hay

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Teddys Big Stick

• Aggressive foreign policy
• Break w/tradition?

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Roosevelt Corollary to theMonroe Doctrine

• Monroe Doctrine 1824 Teddys Big Stick

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Roosevelt Corollary

• U.S. can intervene to protect interests in Latin
  America
• Response to British aggression in the Venezuela
  Affair
• Cited by later Presidents as justification for
  intervention

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Roosevelts Big Stick Policy
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The Panama Canal

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Panamanian Revolution

• Colombia refuses to allow the canal
• U.S. aid in Panamanian Rev to establish
  independent nation of Panama
• Panama signs treaty allowing U.S. rights to build
  and indefinite period of administration

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East Asia

• Russo-Japanese War 04-05
• Gentlemen's Agreement
• Great White Fleet 07-09
• Root-Takahira 1908

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William Howard Taft 1909-13

• Dollar Diplomacy
• Investment security
• Increase in anti-imperialism hurts admin.
• Marines to Nicaragua in 1912 (remained until 33)
• Lodge Corollary

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Woodrow Wilson 1913-1917

• Moral Diplomacy?
• SOS William Jennings Bryan
• Correct past wrongs
• Jones Act Philippines full terr. status, bill
  of rights, universal male suffrage, promise of
  independence
• Puerto Rico citizenship, limited self-gov
• Panama Canal repeal of U.S. toll exemption

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Moral Diplomacy?

• Conciliation treaties
• Military interventions
• More use of Marines than Teddy Taft in Latin
  America
• Nicaragua (remained, Haiti, Dominican Republic
• Mexico
• Refused to recognize Huerta dictatorship
• Tampico Incident
• War avoided by ABC mediation
• Huerta replaced by Carranza
• Pancho Villa raids pursued by John J. Pershing