The United States Becomes an

1
The Rise of American Imperialism
Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines, and Latin America
2
Major Presidents During Imperialism
William McKinley 1897-1901
Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909
William H. Taft 1909-1913
3
Anti-Imperial Sentiment

• From the Civil War until the 1890s, most
  Americans had little interest in territorial
  expansion
• Imperial rule seemed inconsistent with America's
  republican principles.
• The US did not welcome people with different
  cultures, languages, and religions.

4
Acquisition of Alaska

• An exception to the rule was Alaska. In 1867,
  Sec. of State William Seward arranged to buy
  Alaska from the Russians for 7.2 million. Rich
  in natural resources (timber, minerals, and oil),
  Alaska was a bargain at two cents per acre.

5
European Imperialism

• By the mid-1890s, a shift had taken place in
  American attitudes toward expansion. Why? Between
  1870 and 1900, the European powers seized 10
  million square miles of territory in Africa and
  Asia. About 150 million people were subjected to
  colonial rule.

6
Fear of Competition

• In the United States, a growing number of policy
  makers, bankers, manufacturers, and trade unions
  grew fearful that the country might be closed out
  in the struggle for global markets and raw
  materials.

7
Belief in Darwinian Struggle

• A belief that the world's nations were engaged in
  a Darwinian struggle for survival, and that
  countries that failed to compete were doomed to
  decline, also contributed to a new assertiveness
  on the part of the United States.

8
The White Mans Burden

• During the late 19th century, the idea that the
  United States had a special mission to uplift
  "backward" people around the world also commanded
  growing support.

9
Dependency on Foreign Trade

• By the late 19th Century, the American economy
  was increasingly dependent on foreign trade. A
  quarter of the nation's farm products and half
  its petroleum were sold overseas.

10
A New Assertiveness

• During the late 1880s, American foreign policy
  makers began to display more assertiveness on the
  world stage.

11
A Desire for Sea Power

• Alfred Thayer Mahan, a naval strategist and the
  author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon
  History, argued that national prosperity and
  power depended on control of the world's
  sea-lanes. "Whoever rules the waves rules the
  world," Mahan wrote.

12
Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan
To facilitate trade with Asia, four black ships
commanded by Commodore Matthew Perry anchored at
Edo (Tokyo) Bay in 1853. Never before had the
Japanese seen ships steaming with smoke and so
heavily armed. The Japanese government, in no
position to defend itself against a foreign
power, signed a trade treaty with the U.S. that
opened up two ports to American vessels, and
allowed American ships to buy coal and other
necessary supplies in Japanese ports. No
longer allowed to be isolationist, Japan began to
westernize. By 1890s, Japan had built a
powerful navy and set out to build their own
empire in the East.
13
The Annexation of Hawaii

• In 1893, a small group of sugar and
  pineapple-growing businessmen, backed by the U.S.
  military, deposed Hawaii's queen, seized 1.75
  million acres of land, and conspired for U.S.
  annexation of the islands (achieved in 1898.)
  Hawaii became a state in 1959.

14
Origins of Spanish American War

• The Tariff of 1894, which put restrictions on
  sugar imports to the United States, severely hurt
  the economy of Cuba, which was then a Spanish
  colony. Angry nationalists began a revolt against
  the Spanish colonial regime.

15
The USS Maine

• The US, which had many businessmen with
  investment interests in Cuba, became concerned
  and dispatched the USS Maine to rescue US
  citizens who might be endangered by the conflict.

16
The Effects of Yellow Journalism

• On February 15, 1898, the Maine mysteriously blew
  up and the US blamed a Spanish mine.
• When the American public was stirred into an
  anti-Spain frenzy by the yellow journalism of
  newspaper men like Hearst and Pulitzer, President
  McKinley gave the OK for war.

17
Effects of Yellow Journalism

• Yellow journalism is exaggerated or biased
  writing disguised as news, often used for
  political, social, or economic gain.
• You furnish the pictures, Ill furnish the war.
  William Randolph Hearst

18
Teller Amendment

• Congress agreed to war, but only after adopting
  the Teller Amendment that made it clear that the
  United States did not harbor imperialist
  ambitions and would not acquire Cuba.

19
Manila Bay

• What Happened at Manila Bay?

• Surprise naval attack sunk the crumbling Spanish
  Navy in the Philippines

• Made Americans feel very superior

20
Rough Riders

• Who were the Rough Riders?

• Teddy Roosevelt resigns as Asst. Sec. of the Navy
  to lead a volunteer Cowboy Calvary that served
  with the 17,000 soldiers that landed in Cuba

• TRs popularity from this leads to his becoming
  V.P. and President

21
Rough Riders

• What famous Battle did they participate in?

• San Juan Hill

• African Americans also helped but get no credit

22
Teddy Roosevelt
23
A Splendid Little War John Hay, Secretary of
State, 1898Results

• US defeats Spain after 144 days and 3,300 deaths
  to become a world power.

• Teddy Roosevelt elected Vice President in 1900
  and becomes President in 1901 when McKinley is
  shot.

• Treaty of Paris Cuba is granted independence,
  but it becomes an American protectorate. The U.S.
  acquires former Spanish possessions of Puerto
  Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

24
The Platt Amendment

• After the US defeated Spain, it passed the Platt
  Amendment, which gave the US the right to
  intervene in Cuba to protect "life, property, and
  individual liberties.

25
The Philippine-American War

• As a result of the Philippine-American War, a
  sequel to the Spanish American War, Spain ceded
  the Philippines to the United States for 20
  million.

26
American Atrocities

• To suppress Filipino insurgency, the American
  military forcibly relocated or burned villages,
  imprisoned or killed non-combatant civilians, and
  used vicious torture techniques (including the
  water cure) on suspected insurgents.

27
Philippine Independence

• During the war, more than 4,000 U.S. soldiers,
  about 20,000 Filipino fighters, and an estimated
  200,000 Filipino civilians died.
• U.S. made improvements in infrastructure,
  education, and healthcare. Resistance ended by
  1902
• Filipinos received their independence in 1946.

28
China Open Door Policy

• Spheres of Influence European nations had
  divided up China for trading purposes
• 1899 John Hay (Sec. of State) called for
• 1. open access to all of Chinas coastal ports
  to all countries
• 2. elimination of special privileges for any
  trading nations
• 3. maintenance of Chinas independence

29
3 American Beliefs reflected in Open Door Policy

• 1. Growth of American economy depended on
  exports
• 2. America had the right to intervene abroad to
  keep foreign markets open
• 3. A fear that closing of an area to American
  products, citizens, or ideas threatened U.S.
  survival

30
The Roosevelt Corollary

• In 1904, when Germany demanded a port in the
  Dominican Republic as compensation for an unpaid
  loan, Theodore Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt
  Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that
  the U.S. would intervene in Latin American
  affairs when necessary to maintain economic and
  political stability.
• This was a declaration that the U.S. would be the
  policeman of the Caribbean and Central America.

31
America As World Power

• Panama Canal
• Built to connect Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
• Cut travel time of U.S. ships by half
• Panama was province of Colombia, but TR helped
  Panama obtain its Independence to get Canal built

32
America As World Power

• Great White Fleet
• New all-steel fleet of 16 battleships that TR
  sent around the world to show U.S. dominance.
• Painted white

33
Great Whites World Wide Tour, 1907
34
Roosevelt and Latin America

• Gunboat Diplomacy
• Use force to accomplish goals in world,
  especially Latin America.
• Speak softly and carry a big stick you will go
  far
• (Big-stick Diplomacy)

35
Taft and Latin America

• Dollar Diplomacy
• Invest money into a country to help strengthen
  that countrys economy in hopes of preventing
  revolutions
• By investing money, it normally meant U.S.
  corporations in Latin American countries

36
Interventions in Western Hemisphere

• To enforce order, forestall foreign intervention,
  and protect economic interests, the United States
  intervened in the Caribbean and in Central
  America some twenty times over the next quarter
  century (in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti,
  Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama.)

37
American Support of Dictators

• Each intervention put into power a dictator
  supportive of American interests (Somoza in
  Nicaragua, Trujillo in the Dominican Republic,
  and Duvalier in Haiti).

38
Protection of American Interests

• On the whole, the United States actions in Latin
  America protected US commercial and strategic
  interests, but the goal of spreading democracy
  went mostly unfulfilled. The frequent use of
  military force also engendered widespread
  resentment in the region.