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Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

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Older generation of humanists break from Lutheranism. 2. Peasant Revolt 1524-1525 ... Lutheranism in Scandinavia. Gustavus Vasa, 1523-1560, of Sweden ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century


1
Reformation and Religious Warfarein the
Sixteenth Century
  • The Age of Reformation

2
I. Prelude to Reformation
  • Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism
  • Sources of Christianity
  • Simplicity of Christianity
  • Reform of religion
  • Reform of education

3
B. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
  • Handbook of the Christian Knight, 1503
  • The Praise of Folly, 1511

4
C. Thomas Moore (1478-1535)
  • Utopia, 1516
  • Based on a world without corruption through
    reason and mercy.
  • Communal property.

5
2. Henry VIII
  • Lord Chancellor under King Henry VIII.
  • More refused to sign the Act of Succession and
    Supremacy.
  • More was beheaded

6
II. Church and Religion on the Eve of Reformation
  • The Clergy
  • Wealth
  • Ignorance
  • Division between higher and lower clergy
  • Popular Religion
  • Relics
  • Thomas à Kempis (1380-1471)
  • The Imitation of Christ
  • De-emphasis of religious dogma
  • Indulgences

7
D. Printing Press
  • First used in Mainz Germany (1440-1450).
  • Johan Gutenberg printed the bible in 1455

8
Effects of the Printing Press
  • Many writers criticized the corruption of the
    popes.
  • Printed books encouraged piety.
  • Made Bibles available for all Christians to read.

9
III. Martin Luther and the Reformation in German
  • Early Luther
  • 1. From peasantry
  • Study of law
  • Monastic life

10
2. University of Wittenberg
  • Justice of God
  • Justification by faith
  • Archbishop Albrecht

11
3. Johann Tetzel
  • Sales of Indulgences
  • As soon as the coin the box rings, a soul shall
    spring!

12
4. 95 Thesis (1517)
  • In response, Luther writes 95 Thesis on the
    corruption of the Church.
  • Debate at Leipzig, July 1519

13
a. Luthers Writings
  • Address to the Nobility of the German Nations,
    1520
  • The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, 1520
  • On the Freedom of a Christian Man, 1520
  • Excommunicated , 1521

14
5. Diet of Worms 1521
  • Luther denies the authority of the Pope.
  • Luther is declared an outlaw and a heretic.

15
B. Development of Lutheranism
  • Urban Phenomenon
  • Appeal to university students
  • Urban phenomenon
  • Older generation of humanists break from
    Lutheranism

16
2. Peasant Revolt 1524-1525
  • Sought economic and political freedom.
  • Thomas Muntzer inflamed the peasants against
    their rulers. Strike while the iron is hot.
  • Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of
    Peasants

17
3. Church and State
  • Luther keeps only 2 of 7 Catholic sacraments
    baptism and Lords supper
  • Bible the authority for religious affairs
  • State dominated churches
  • Luther marries former nun Katherina von Bora, 1525

18
IV. Germany and the Reformation Religion and
Politics
  • Emperor Charles V, 1519-1556
  • Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Spanish America
  • Preserve the unity of the Catholic Church
  • Francis I, 1515-1547
  • Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521-1544
  • Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520-1566
  • Battle of Mohács, 1526

19
B. Schmalkaldic (Lutheran) League
  • Diet of Augsburg 1530 Charles demanded that
    Lutherans return to Catholicism by April 15,
    1531.
  • In reaction 8 princes and 11 imperial cities
    formed the Schmalkaldic League which vowed to
    defend each other if attacked.
  • Luther was anti-Semitic.

20
3. Battle of Mühlberg
  • Charles brought an army (1546-1547) allied with
    Pope Paul III against the Protestant Schmalkaldic
    alliance and won.

21
C. Peace of Augsburg 1555
  • Lutherans same legal rights as Catholics
  • Right of each German rule to determine the
    religion of his subjects

22
IV. The Spread of the Protestant Revolution
  • Lutheranism in Scandinavia
  • Gustavus Vasa, 1523-1560, of Sweden
  • Frederick I, 1523-1533, of Denmark

23
E. John Calvin (1509-1564)
  • Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
  • Believed that few people would be saved from sin
    elect.
  • Predestination- God knows from the beginning who
    will be saved.
  • Theocracy a government controlled by a church
    leader and should dominate the state.

24
Geneva City of Saints.
  • Two sacraments baptism and Lords Supper
  • Geneva
  • Ecclesiastical Ordinances, 1541
  • Consistory

25
VI. The Social Impact of the Protestant
Reformation
  • The Family
  • Positive view of family relationships
  • Place of women
  • Home devotions.
  • Education
  • German gymnasium
  • Genevan Academy
  • Jesuits as educators

26
C. Religious Practices and Popular Culture
  • Community life surrounded by individual prayer
    and worship each Sunday.
  • Puritans tried to banned drinking, dramatic
    performances and dancing.

27
VII. The Catholic Reformation
  • A. Saint Teresa of Avila, (1515-1582)
  • Mystical experience

28
B. Regeneration of Religious Orders
  • Capuchins
  • Theatines
  • Oratory of Divine Love

29
C. The Jesuits St. Ignatius of Loyola
  • Jesuits took a special oath to serve the pope and
    were trained to perform the most difficult and
    dangerous missions
  • Missionary Francis Xavier converted
    non-Christians into Catholics in Japan.
  • Prevented Protestants from spreading into Poland
    and Bavaria.

30
D. Revived Papacy
  • 1. Pope Paul III, 1534-1549
  • Reform commission
  • Recognized the Jesuits
  • Council of Trent
  • Roman Inquisition, 1542
  • 2. Pope Paul IV, 1555-1559
  • Index of Forbidden Books

31
3. Council of Trent
  • Popes interpretation of the Bible was final.
  • Saved by faith and good works.
  • Bible and Church tradition shared equal authority
    for guiding Christian life.

32
Discussion Questions
  • How did the failings of the Catholic Church lead
    to the Reformation?
  • What were Martin Luthers complaints against the
    Church?
  • What political reasons lay behind the Wars of
    Religion?
  • How and why did Henry VIII break away from Rome?
  • What social impact did the Reformation have?
  • How did the Catholic Church react to the
    Reformation? Was it effective?
  • What troubles did Philip II of Spain have to
    confront during his reign and how successful was
    he in dealing with them?
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