Title: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century
1Reformation and Religious Warfarein the
Sixteenth Century
2I. Prelude to Reformation
- Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism
- Sources of Christianity
- Simplicity of Christianity
- Reform of religion
- Reform of education
3B. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
- Handbook of the Christian Knight, 1503
- The Praise of Folly, 1511
4C. Thomas Moore (1478-1535)
- Utopia, 1516
- Based on a world without corruption through
reason and mercy. - Communal property.
52. Henry VIII
- Lord Chancellor under King Henry VIII.
- More refused to sign the Act of Succession and
Supremacy. - More was beheaded
6II. Church and Religion on the Eve of Reformation
- The Clergy
- Wealth
- Ignorance
- Division between higher and lower clergy
- Popular Religion
- Relics
- Thomas à Kempis (1380-1471)
- The Imitation of Christ
- De-emphasis of religious dogma
- Indulgences
7D. Printing Press
- First used in Mainz Germany (1440-1450).
- Johan Gutenberg printed the bible in 1455
8Effects of the Printing Press
- Many writers criticized the corruption of the
popes. - Printed books encouraged piety.
- Made Bibles available for all Christians to read.
9III. Martin Luther and the Reformation in German
- Early Luther
- 1. From peasantry
- Study of law
- Monastic life
102. University of Wittenberg
- Justice of God
- Justification by faith
- Archbishop Albrecht
113. Johann Tetzel
- Sales of Indulgences
- As soon as the coin the box rings, a soul shall
spring!
124. 95 Thesis (1517)
- In response, Luther writes 95 Thesis on the
corruption of the Church. - Debate at Leipzig, July 1519
13a. Luthers Writings
- Address to the Nobility of the German Nations,
1520 - The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, 1520
- On the Freedom of a Christian Man, 1520
- Excommunicated , 1521
145. Diet of Worms 1521
- Luther denies the authority of the Pope.
- Luther is declared an outlaw and a heretic.
15B. Development of Lutheranism
- Urban Phenomenon
- Appeal to university students
- Urban phenomenon
- Older generation of humanists break from
Lutheranism
162. Peasant Revolt 1524-1525
- Sought economic and political freedom.
- Thomas Muntzer inflamed the peasants against
their rulers. Strike while the iron is hot. - Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of
Peasants
173. Church and State
- Luther keeps only 2 of 7 Catholic sacraments
baptism and Lords supper - Bible the authority for religious affairs
- State dominated churches
- Luther marries former nun Katherina von Bora, 1525
18IV. Germany and the Reformation Religion and
Politics
- Emperor Charles V, 1519-1556
- Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Spanish America
- Preserve the unity of the Catholic Church
- Francis I, 1515-1547
- Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521-1544
- Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520-1566
- Battle of Mohács, 1526
19B. Schmalkaldic (Lutheran) League
- Diet of Augsburg 1530 Charles demanded that
Lutherans return to Catholicism by April 15,
1531. - In reaction 8 princes and 11 imperial cities
formed the Schmalkaldic League which vowed to
defend each other if attacked. - Luther was anti-Semitic.
20 3. Battle of Mühlberg
- Charles brought an army (1546-1547) allied with
Pope Paul III against the Protestant Schmalkaldic
alliance and won.
21C. Peace of Augsburg 1555
- Lutherans same legal rights as Catholics
- Right of each German rule to determine the
religion of his subjects
22IV. The Spread of the Protestant Revolution
- Lutheranism in Scandinavia
- Gustavus Vasa, 1523-1560, of Sweden
- Frederick I, 1523-1533, of Denmark
23E. John Calvin (1509-1564)
- Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
- Believed that few people would be saved from sin
elect. - Predestination- God knows from the beginning who
will be saved. - Theocracy a government controlled by a church
leader and should dominate the state.
24Geneva City of Saints.
- Two sacraments baptism and Lords Supper
- Geneva
- Ecclesiastical Ordinances, 1541
- Consistory
25VI. The Social Impact of the Protestant
Reformation
- The Family
- Positive view of family relationships
- Place of women
- Home devotions.
- Education
- German gymnasium
- Genevan Academy
- Jesuits as educators
26C. Religious Practices and Popular Culture
- Community life surrounded by individual prayer
and worship each Sunday. - Puritans tried to banned drinking, dramatic
performances and dancing.
27VII. The Catholic Reformation
- A. Saint Teresa of Avila, (1515-1582)
- Mystical experience
28B. Regeneration of Religious Orders
- Capuchins
- Theatines
- Oratory of Divine Love
29C. The Jesuits St. Ignatius of Loyola
- Jesuits took a special oath to serve the pope and
were trained to perform the most difficult and
dangerous missions - Missionary Francis Xavier converted
non-Christians into Catholics in Japan. - Prevented Protestants from spreading into Poland
and Bavaria.
30D. Revived Papacy
- 1. Pope Paul III, 1534-1549
- Reform commission
- Recognized the Jesuits
- Council of Trent
- Roman Inquisition, 1542
- 2. Pope Paul IV, 1555-1559
- Index of Forbidden Books
313. Council of Trent
- Popes interpretation of the Bible was final.
- Saved by faith and good works.
- Bible and Church tradition shared equal authority
for guiding Christian life.
32Discussion Questions
- How did the failings of the Catholic Church lead
to the Reformation? - What were Martin Luthers complaints against the
Church? - What political reasons lay behind the Wars of
Religion? - How and why did Henry VIII break away from Rome?
- What social impact did the Reformation have?
- How did the Catholic Church react to the
Reformation? Was it effective? - What troubles did Philip II of Spain have to
confront during his reign and how successful was
he in dealing with them?