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Title: Religion Part 1


1
Religion Part 1
2
Definition
  • A set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature,
    and purpose of the universe, usually involving
    devotional and ritual observances, and often
    containing a moral code governing the conduct of
    human affairs.
  • A specific fundamental set of beliefs and
    practices generally agreed upon by a number of
    persons or sects
  • A set of beliefs and practices generally held by
    a community, involving adherence to codified
    beliefs and rituals and study of ancestral or
    cultural traditions, writings, history, and
    mythology, as well as personal faith and mystic
    experience.

3
  • Universalizing religion attempts to be global,
    to appeal to all people (62 of the world)
  • Ethnic religion appeals primarily to one group
    of people living in one place (24 of the world)
  • 14 of the world is non-religious
  • Branch a large and fundamental division within a
    religion
  • Denomination a division of a branch that unites
    a number of local congregations in a single legal
    and administrative body
  • Sect a relatively small group that has broken
    away from an established denomination

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Importance
  • People draw from religion their core values and
    beliefs
  • Some religions designed to appeal to everyone
    others designed to appeal to a smaller group of
    people
  • Studying religion (and language) helps us
    understand how people identify themselves and how
    they organize the landscape
  • Most religions require exclusive adherence, so
    adopting a new religion requires turning away
    from the old (not like language)
  • Like language, migrants take their religion with
    them to new places (although they learn the new
    language, they retain their religion)

6
Religion as a centripetal force and as a
centrifugal force
  • Centripetal
  • Ex Judaism
  • Centrifugal
  • Ex Christians and Muslims in Nigeria

7
Map of Nigeria
8
Sharia
  • Islamic religious law
  • There is no strictly static codified set of laws
    of sharia. Sharia is more of a system of
    devising laws, based on the Qur'an (the religious
    text of Islam)
  • Belief that the law must provide all that is
    necessary for a person's spiritual and physical
    well-being. All possible actions of a Muslim are
    divided into five categories
  • Obligatory
  • Meritorious
  • Permissible
  • Reprehensible
  • Forbidden

9
  • Sharia law is divided into two main sections
  • The acts of worship, or al-ibadat, these include
  • Ritual Purification (wudu)
  • Prayers (salah)
  • Fasts (sawm and Ramadan)
  • Charities (zakat)
  • Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
  • Human interaction, or al-mu'amalat, which
    includes
  • Financial transactions
  • Endowments
  • Laws of inheritance
  • Marriage, divorce, and child care
  • Foods and drinks (including ritual slaughtering
    and hunting)
  • Penal punishments
  • Warfare and peace

10
  • In practice the new Sharia courts in Nigeria have
    most often meant the re-introduction of harsh
    punishments without respecting the much tougher
    rules of evidence and testimony.
  • The punishments include amputation of one/both
    hands for theft, and stoning for adultery and
    apostasy.

11
Major religions have key components
  • 1. Doctrine, teaching
  • 2. Rituals
  • 3. Institutions, hierarchies, administrations

12
Virgin Mary appearances
http//www.neatorama.com/2006/08/28/august-a-busy-
month-for-religious-sightings/
13
Numbers and percentages (book pg 184)
  • Christianity 35 of worlds population
  • Islam 20
  • Hinduism 13
  • Buddhism 6

14
Classification
  • Old classification
  • Monotheistic
  • Judaism
  • Christianity
  • Islam
  • Polytheistic
  • Hinduism
  • New classification
  • Universalizing message for all global appeal,
    missionary component
  • Christianity
  • Islam
  • Buddhism
  • Ethnic message for particular group in a
    particular place
  • Hinduism

15
World religions spatial distribution (Rubenstein
pg 184)
  • Selected universalizing religions
  • Christianity most widespread, N. America, S.
    America, Europe, Australia, Africa, and Asia
  • Islam North Africa, SW Asia, South and Southeast
    Asia
  • Hinduism South Asia
  • Buddhism East and Southeast Asia

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Christianity
  • 2 billion adherents, far more than any other
    world religion
  • 3 major branches
  • Roman Catholic (52 of Christians)
  • Protestant (21 of Christians)
  • Eastern Orthodox (10)

19
Christianity in Europe
  • Roman Catholicism southwest and east
  • Protestantism northwest
  • Eastern Orthodoxy east and southeast
  • 14 self-governing churches
  • 40 of all Eastern Orthodox Christians belong to
    the Russian Orthodox Church
  • 20 to Romanian Church
  • Bulgarian, Greek, and Serbian Orthodox 10 each

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Christianity in the Western Hemisphere
  • 90 of people living in the Western Hemisphere
    are Christian
  • Roman Catholicism
  • 93 of Christians in Latin America
  • 29 of Christians in North America (southwestern
    and northeastern U.S., and Quebec)
  • Protestant
  • 28 of the U.S.
  • Baptist (southeast)
  • Methodist, Pentecostal, and Lutheran (upper
    midwest)

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Origin of Christianity
  • Christianity founded by the teachings of Jesus,
    executed in AD 30 by the Romans
  • In the mid-first century, Christianity spread
    beyond its Jewish origins under the leadership of
    the Apostles, especially Peter and Paul.
  • Christianity spread east to Asia and throughout
    the Roman Empire, despite persecution by the
    Roman Emperors

26
  • Legalization by Emperor Constantine in 313
  • 400s Council of Nicaea (to bring uniformity
    within Christian world not achieved)
  • Middle Ages Latin and Greek Christianity
    increasingly separated until the Great Schism
    (1054), which formally divided Christendom into
    the Catholic west and the Orthodox east.
  • 7th century Muslim rulers began a long series of
    military conquests of Christian areas

27
  • Early sixteenth century
  • Increasing discontent with corruption and
    immorality among the clergy
  • Attempts to reform the Church and society.
  • The Protestant Reformation began after Martin
    Luther published his 95 theses in 1517
  • Missionary zeal and colonial expansion
    Christianity spread to the Americas, Oceania,
    East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.

28
Islam
  • 1.3 billion people
  • Predominant religion of the Middle East
  • Half the worlds Muslims live outside the Middle
    East, in Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and
    India

29
5 pillars of Islam
  • There is one God and Muhammad is Gods messenger
  • A Muslim must pray 5 times daily, facing the city
    of Mecca
  • A Muslim gives to charity
  • A Muslim fasts during Ramadan
  • A Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Mecca

30
http//www.flickr.com/photos/shabbir/
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Branches of Islam
  • 2 branches
  • Sunni (83 of Muslims)
  • Shiite (Shia) (16 of Muslims)
  • Most in Iran, Pakistan, and Iraq

32
Origin of Islam
  • As in Judaism and Christianity, Adam was the
    first man and Abraham was a descendant
  • Abraham married Sarah, who did not bear children
  • Abraham married Hagar and had son Ishmael
  • Sarah bore Isaac and forced Abraham to banish
    Hagar and Ishmael
  • Jews and Christians trace their story through
    Sarah and Isaac Muslims trace their story
    through Hagar and Ishmael
  • Ishmael and Hagar wandered the Arabian desert,
    reaching Mecca

http//www.goodallartists.ca/Hagar2020Ishmael2
0d.jpg
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  • Centuries later, Ishmaels descendant, Muhammad,
    became the Prophet of Islam
  • Around 600, Muhammad received his first
    revelation from God through the Angel Gabriel
  • The Quran is a record of Gods words, as told by
    Muhammad
  • Muhammad preached and suffered persecution so he
    was commanded by God to emigrate (from Mecca to
    Madina)
  • By Muhammads death in 632, Islam diffused to
    most of Saudi Arabia

http//www.iconofile.com/events/images/angel_gabri
el.jpg
34
Buddhism
  • 400 million adherents, mainly in China and
    Southeast Asia

35
  • Four noble truths of Buddhism
  • All living beings must endure suffering
  • Suffering is caused by a desire to live,
    suffering leads to reincarnation
  • The goal of all existence is to escape from
    suffering and ultimately reach Nirvana (reached
    through mental and moral self-purification)
  • Nirvana is attained through an Eightfold Path
    (rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action,
    livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation)

36
3 branches of Buddhism
  • Mahayana 56 of Buddhists
  • Theravada 38
  • Tantrayana 6
  • Most Buddhists in China and Japan believe at the
    same time in an ethnic religion

37
Hinduism
  • 3rd largest religion, 860 million adherents
  • Followers can worship in their own ways
  • No central authority or single holy book

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  • Many manifestations of one god
  • Vishnu (70 of Hindus)
  • Siva (25)
  • Shaktism worship of the female consorts of
    Vishnu and Siva

http//www.spiritualtimesindia.com/indian-gods/gif
s/lord-vishnu.jpg, http//www.religion-spiritualit
y.org/images/Siva.jpg, http//www.sangeetshakti.co
m/sarasvati.jpg
39
Confucianism
  • Confucius (551-479 BC)
  • Li an ancient Chinese tradition that means
    correct behavior

wikipedia
40
  • Confucianism Ethical principles for the conduct
    of daily life
  • Following traditions
  • Fulfilling obligations
  • Treating others with sympathy and respect

41
Daoism
  • Lao-Zi organized Daoism (based on Confucianism,
    writings emphasized mystical and magical aspects
    of life)
  • Purpose to seek Dao (the way or path)

42
Daoism
  • Cannot be comprehended by reason
  • Avoidance of activity in order to live in harmony
  • Legal? Communists took over China in 1949 and
    Daoism was banned, practiced secretly, but legal
    in Taiwan

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Holy Places for universalizing religions
  • Lumbini in Nepal, birthplace of Buddha
  • Holiest place for Sikhism a temple called Darbar
    Sahib (built in 7th century)

45
  • Mecca birthplace of Muhammad, contains holiest
    objects of Islam (ex. Al Ka Ba cube)

http//www.2mfm.org/pictures/data/media/3/Al-Ka5E
ba-004.jpg
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Calendar
  • Ethnic and universalizing religions have
    different approaches to making calendars
  • Ethnic religions celebrate the seasons, often
    based on agricultural events
  • Universalizing based on events in founders life
    (Christianity Christmas)
  • Different branches of same religion can have
    different calendars (Roman Catholics use
    Gregorian calendar, E. Orthodox Julian calendar)

47
Disposing of the Dead
  • Burial Christians, Muslims, and Jews use a
    cemetery (ancient Rome, catacombs)
  • Catacombs, then church yards, then public
    cemeteries
  • Feet toward Jerusalem (to meet Christ)
  • Cemeteries used as parks in Muslim countries
  • China pressure on agricultural lands (burying
    discontinued, cremation encouraged)

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  • Cremation Hindus (funeral pyre), burying for
    children and people with diseases
  • Cremation helps to cleanse and free the spirit
  • Letting the body be exposed to the air and
    animals
  • Micronesia disposal of bodies at sea (safeguard
    against contamination)

49
Hierarchical religions
  • Well-defined geographic structure, organizes
    territories into administrative units (ex. Roman
    Catholicism)
  • Roman Catholicism Pope Archbishop (Diocese)
    Bishops
  • Mormon wards, several wards make a stake,
    highest is board and president (the heads redraw
    boundaries)

50
Conflict in Ireland
  • Ireland became independent in 1937 and became a
    republic in 1949 (92 Roman Catholic)
  • The northern tip is 58 Protestant

http//www.lonelyplanet.com/mapshells/europe/irela
nd/ireland.htm
51
Ireland
  • Roman Catholics wanted their own Republic
    Protestants wanted to merge with the UK
  • Roman Catholics in northern tip discriminated
    against and killed
  • IRA (Irish Republican Army Roman Catholic) vs.
    UDF (Ulster Defense Force Protestant)
  • Peace agreement in 1999 didnt work
  • 3,000 people have been killed since 1968

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Religion Part 2
  • Diffusion of religions
  • Places of worship
  • Religious conflict

54
I. Diffusion of religions
  • The 3 main universalizing religions
    (Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism) diffused from
    specific hearths (book pg 192)
  • Ethnic religions remain clustered in one location
  • The hearths of the 3 religions are all in Asia

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Diffusion of Christianity
  • Relocation (diffusion through migration)
  • Missionaries people who help to transmit a
    universalizing religion through relocation
    diffusion
  • Expansion (snowball effect)
  • Contagious diffusion
  • In ancient Rome, daily contact between believers
    in town and nonbelievers in the countryside
    (pagans)
  • Hierarchical diffusion
  • Spread of Christianity throughout the Roman
    Empire in the 4th century (Constantine)

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Diffusion of Christianity
  • Since 1500
  • Migration and missionary activity
  • Conversion of indigenous populations, and
    intermarriage
  • Colonization
  • Latin America Spanish and Portuguese
  • Canada and the US Protestant English
  • Immigration
  • US and Canada Roman Catholic immigrants
  • New England and Midwest immigrants from Ireland,
    Italy, E. Europe (late 19th and early 20th
    centuries)
  • US southwest immigrants from Mexico and Latin
    America
  • Mormons migration to Utah under leadership of
    Brigham Young

59
Diffusion of Islam
  • Muhammads successors organized followers into
    armies
  • Extended control over Africa, Asia, and Europe
  • Conquered Palestine, the Persian Empire, and much
    of India
  • Relocation diffusion of missionaries to
    sub-Saharan Africa and SE Asia
  • Arab traders brought Islam to Indonesia in the
    13th century

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Diffusion of Buddhism
  • Did not diffuse rapidly from hearth in NE India
  • Most responsible for spread of Buddhism was
    Asoka, emperor of the Magadhan Empire around 250
    BC

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Diffusion of Buddhism
  • Missionaries to neighboring areas (the island of
    Sri Lanka, Kashmir, the Himalayas, Myanmar, and
    around India)
  • 1st century AD merchants brought Buddhism to
    China
  • 4th century from China to Korea
  • 6th century Korea to Japan

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Diffusion (or lack of diffusion) of Ethnic
Religions
  • Most ethnic religions have limited, if any,
    diffusion
  • Judaism has diffused dramatically
  • Practiced in many countries, not just its place
    of origin
  • Only since 1948 has a significant percentage of
    the worlds Jews lived in their homeland
  • AD 70 Roman-induced diaspora (dispersion)
  • Jews went to Europe, North Africa, and Asia
  • Jews adapted to new cultures, but retained their
    religious practices
  • Jews were often persecuted, forced to live in
    ghettos (neighborhoods set up to be inhabited
    only by Jews)
  • 1930s and WWII Nazis exterminated millions of
    European Jews
  • Many survivors migrated to Israel
  • Today less than 15 of Jews live in Europe (a
    century ago, most lived in Europe)

67
II. Places of worship
  • Physical anchors of religion
  • All major religions have structures
  • Examples church, basilica, mosque, temple,
    pagoda, and synagogue

68
Christian churches
  • Church a gathering of believers, and the
    building where the gathering occurs
  • The church is important because it is an
    expression of religious principles, an
    environment in the image of God
  • Number and size
  • High density of churches in the Christian
    landscape (attendance considered extremely
    important)
  • The church was often the largest and tallest
    building and was placed in the central town
    square
  • Expense Christians have contributed much wealth
    to the building and maintenance of churches

69
Christian church architecture
  • Early churches modeled after Roman buildings for
    public assemblies, called basilicas
  • Rectangular building with two rows of columns
    that form a central nave (hall) and two side
    aisles
  • At one end is the apse, in front of which is the
    altar (the altar facilitates the reenactment of
    Christs sacrifice)
  • Gothic period (1100s-1300s) floor plan in the
    form of a cross

http//www.usi.edu/artdept/artinindiana/Glossary/i
mages/BASILICA.jpg
70
  • Since there are many denominations, no single
    style has dominated (churches reflect the values
    of the denomination and the architecture of the
    area)
  • Eastern Orthodox architecture of the Byzantine
    Empire, highly ornate, with domes

http//content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thum
b/a/aa/350px-St_Basils_Cathedral-500px.jpg
71
  • Protestantism in North America simple, little
    ornamentation (austerity)
  • Available building materials
  • US wood in the NE, brick in the SE, and adobe in
    the SW
  • Latin America stucco and stone

http//www.hanford.gov/doe/history/photos/7343-NEG
.JPG
72
Muslim mosques
  • The mosque is a space for community assembly, not
    viewed as a sanctified place
  • Organized around a central courtyard, often open
    to the air
  • The pulpit is placed at the end of the courtyard,
    facing Mecca
  • Surrounding the courtyard is a cloister used for
    schools and nonreligious activities
  • A distinctive feature is the minaret, a tower
    where a man known as a muzzan summons people to
    worship

73
http//www.coulouris.net/george-jean/Egypt2001/kha
n/Al-Azhar20mosque7-pp.JPG
74
Hindu temples
  • Sacred structures for worship are not as
    important in Asian universalizing and ethnic
    religions
  • Religious functions often take place in the home
  • Temples are built to house shrines for gods,
    rather than for people to gather
  • A Hindu temple serves as a home to one or more
    gods
  • Contains a small interior room where an artifact
    or image of the god rests

75
http//www.laindia.us/images/mali4.jpg
76
Buddhist and Shintoist pagodas
  • The pagoda is prominent and attractive, elaborate
    and delicate, with tall many-sided towers
    arranged in a series of tiers, balconies, and
    slanting roofs
  • Contain relics that Buddhists believe come from
    Buddhas body or clothing
  • Not designed for congregational worship
  • Pray may be in a temple, at a remote monastery,
    or in a home

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http//www.maam.org/flightsim/enhance/pagoda.jpg h
ttp//www.sights-and-culture.com/china/suzhou-ruig
uang-ta-pagoda-0073.jpg
78
Bahai Houses of Worship
  • Built in Illinois in 1953, Australia and Uganda
    in 1961, Germany in 1964, Panama in 1972, Samoa
    in 1984, India in 1986
  • Others planned in Iran, Chile, and Israel
  • First one built in Russia in 1908 (no longer
    existing)
  • Dispersed to different continents to show that
    Bahai is a universalizing religion
  • Services include reciting the scriptures of
    various religions

79
Wilmette, Illinois http//online.asla.org/scriptco
ntent/Custom/special_project/Clip20Bahai20Aerial
.jpg
80
Religious conflict
  • The 20th century, a century of global conflict
  • Contributing to religious conflict has been a
    resurgence of religious fundamentalism (strict
    and intense adherence to basic principles of a
    religion
  • Conflict between religion and government
  • Conflict between religions

81
Conflict between religion and government
  • Taliban versus western values
  • The Taliban gained power in Afghanistan in 1996
  • They have run Islamic schools, mosques, shrines,
    and other religious services since the 7th
    century AD
  • They imposed very strict laws inspired by Islamic
    values
  • The Taliban was criticized for misinterpreting
    the Quran
  • They banned Western, non-Islamic leisure
    activities
  • They destroyed Ancient Buddhist statues
  • In 2001, a US-led coalition overthrew the Taliban
    and replaced it with a democratic government, but
    the Taliban has regrouped and resumed its fight

82
Conflict between religion and government
  • Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Islam versus
    the Soviet Union
  • In 1721, Czar Peter the Great made the Russian
    Orthodox Church part of the Russian government
  • Following the 1917 Bolshevik revolution, the
    Communist government of the Soviet Union pursued
    antireligious programs
  • Marxism became the official doctrine of the
    Soviet Union, weakening organized religion
  • All church buildings and property were
    nationalized and could only be used with
    government permission
  • Late 20th century end of Communist rule,
    religious revival in Eastern Europe, property
    confiscated by Communist governments reverted to
    church ownership

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Conflict between religions
  • Palestine occupied by Jews, then Roman
    Christians, then Muslims in the 7th century
  • Crusades between Christians and Muslims
  • 7th century Arabs conquered the Middle East and
    converted people from Christianity to Islam
  • Conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula, and
    moved into France, but they were finally stopped
    by Christians
  • The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople (E.
    Orthodox Christianitys most important city)
  • To win back the Holy Land, the Christians
    launched the Crusades, over a 150-year period

86
Conflict between religions
  • Religious wars in Ireland
  • The Republic of Ireland, 5/6 of the island, is
    92 Roman Catholic
  • The islands northern 1/6, part of the UK, is
    about 58 Protestant and 42 Roman Catholic
  • Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland have been
    victimized
  • Demonstrations by Catholics began in 1968, and
    thousands have been killed
  • Roman Catholics Irish Republican Army (IRA),
    dedicted to achieving Irish national unity
  • Protestants Ulster Defense Force (UDF)
  • Many people are willing to live peacefully, but
    extremists are not

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  • Jews versus Muslims in Palestine
  • The Muslim Ottoman Empire controlled Palestine
    between 1516 and 1917
  • Ottoman Empire defeated in WWI, and Great Britain
    took over Palestine
  • The British allowed some Jews to return to
    Palestine
  • After WWII, violence between Jews and Muslims
    increased, and Britain withdrew in 1948
  • The UN partitioned Palestine into two independent
    states, one Jewish and one Muslim (Jerusalem was
    to be in international city, run by the UN)

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  • Jews declared an independent state of Israel, so
    the neighboring Arab Muslims declared war
  • They signed an agreement in 1949 that divided
    control of Jerusalem
  • The Old City became part of the Muslim country of
    Jordan
  • The newer part became part of Israel
  • Israel won 3 more wars in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s
  • Israel captured the West Bank
  • They gained control of the whole city of
    Jerusalem
  • They gained control of Gaza Strip and Sinai
    Peninsula (later returned to Egypt)
  • The status of other territories occupied by
    Israel still has not been settled

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Violence in Northern Ireland http//www.youtube.c
om/watch?vGDiMI6pqB08 (New Slang) http//www.you
tube.com/watch?vWMJ0t-DyA84moderelatedsearch
(murals) http//www.youtube.com/watch?vhakHcoxR2
csmoderelatedsearch (riots) http//www.youtub
e.com/watch?vDfuo_BioPi8moderelatedsearch
(Oppose Censorship) http//www.youtube.com/watc
h?vedKf1rXYiZw (Cranberries background) http//w
ww.youtube.com/watch?vlyp5we2ySDo (Cranberries
Zombie) http//www.youtube.com/watch?vQPrTl2_qX
Xs (Oppose Censorship 2)
96
  • Sunday Bloody Sunday one of U2's most
    overtly-political songs, its lyrics describe the
    horror felt by an observer of The Troubles in
    Northern Ireland.
  • Together, Lennon and Ono lament police brutality
    in, "Attica State", the hardships of war-torn
    Northern Ireland in, "Sunday Bloody Sunday" and
    "The Luck Of The Irish" and pay tribute to Angela
    Davis with, "Angela".
  • Bloody Sunday (Irish Domhnach na Fola) is the
    term used to describe an incident in Derry1,
    Northern Ireland, on 30 January 1972 in which 26
    civil rights protesters were shot by members of
    the 1st Battalion of the British Parachute
    Regiment led by Lieutenant-Colonel Derek Wilford
    and his second-in-command Captain (later General)
    Mike Jackson, who had joint responsibility for
    the operation, during a Northern Ireland Civil
    Rights Association march in the Bogside area of
    the city. Thirteen people, six of whom were
    minors, died immediately, while the death of
    another person 4½ months later has been
    attributed to the injuries he received on the
    day. The Provisional Irish Republican Army's
    (IRA) campaign against Northern Ireland being a
    part of the United Kingdom had begun in the two
    years prior to Bloody Sunday, but perceptions of
    the day boosted the status of and recruitment
    into the organisation.6 Bloody Sunday remains
    among the most significant events in the recent
    troubles of Northern Ireland, arguably because it
    was carried out by the army and not
    paramilitaries, and in full public and press
    view.7
  • "Zombie" is a protest song by the Irish band The
    Cranberries from the 1994 album No Need to Argue.
    It is about the conflicts in Northern Ireland
    known as "The Troubles", with references to the
    Easter Rising of 1916. It was written during the
    Cranberries' English Tour in 1993, in memory of
    two boys, Jonathan Ball and Tim Parry, who were
    killed in an IRA bombing in Warrington, Cheshire
    (North-West England) on 20 March 1993.
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