Title: Religion Part 1
1Religion Part 1
2Definition
- A set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature,
and purpose of the universe, usually involving
devotional and ritual observances, and often
containing a moral code governing the conduct of
human affairs. - A specific fundamental set of beliefs and
practices generally agreed upon by a number of
persons or sects - A set of beliefs and practices generally held by
a community, involving adherence to codified
beliefs and rituals and study of ancestral or
cultural traditions, writings, history, and
mythology, as well as personal faith and mystic
experience.
3- Universalizing religion attempts to be global,
to appeal to all people (62 of the world) - Ethnic religion appeals primarily to one group
of people living in one place (24 of the world) - 14 of the world is non-religious
- Branch a large and fundamental division within a
religion - Denomination a division of a branch that unites
a number of local congregations in a single legal
and administrative body - Sect a relatively small group that has broken
away from an established denomination
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5Importance
- People draw from religion their core values and
beliefs - Some religions designed to appeal to everyone
others designed to appeal to a smaller group of
people - Studying religion (and language) helps us
understand how people identify themselves and how
they organize the landscape - Most religions require exclusive adherence, so
adopting a new religion requires turning away
from the old (not like language) - Like language, migrants take their religion with
them to new places (although they learn the new
language, they retain their religion)
6Religion as a centripetal force and as a
centrifugal force
- Centripetal
- Ex Judaism
- Centrifugal
- Ex Christians and Muslims in Nigeria
7Map of Nigeria
8Sharia
- Islamic religious law
- There is no strictly static codified set of laws
of sharia. Sharia is more of a system of
devising laws, based on the Qur'an (the religious
text of Islam) - Belief that the law must provide all that is
necessary for a person's spiritual and physical
well-being. All possible actions of a Muslim are
divided into five categories - Obligatory
- Meritorious
- Permissible
- Reprehensible
- Forbidden
9- Sharia law is divided into two main sections
- The acts of worship, or al-ibadat, these include
- Ritual Purification (wudu)
- Prayers (salah)
- Fasts (sawm and Ramadan)
- Charities (zakat)
- Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
- Human interaction, or al-mu'amalat, which
includes - Financial transactions
- Endowments
- Laws of inheritance
- Marriage, divorce, and child care
- Foods and drinks (including ritual slaughtering
and hunting) - Penal punishments
- Warfare and peace
10- In practice the new Sharia courts in Nigeria have
most often meant the re-introduction of harsh
punishments without respecting the much tougher
rules of evidence and testimony. -
- The punishments include amputation of one/both
hands for theft, and stoning for adultery and
apostasy.
11Major religions have key components
- 1. Doctrine, teaching
- 2. Rituals
- 3. Institutions, hierarchies, administrations
12Virgin Mary appearances
http//www.neatorama.com/2006/08/28/august-a-busy-
month-for-religious-sightings/
13Numbers and percentages (book pg 184)
- Christianity 35 of worlds population
- Islam 20
- Hinduism 13
- Buddhism 6
14Classification
- Old classification
- Monotheistic
- Judaism
- Christianity
- Islam
- Polytheistic
- Hinduism
- New classification
- Universalizing message for all global appeal,
missionary component - Christianity
- Islam
- Buddhism
- Ethnic message for particular group in a
particular place - Hinduism
15World religions spatial distribution (Rubenstein
pg 184)
- Selected universalizing religions
- Christianity most widespread, N. America, S.
America, Europe, Australia, Africa, and Asia - Islam North Africa, SW Asia, South and Southeast
Asia - Hinduism South Asia
- Buddhism East and Southeast Asia
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18Christianity
- 2 billion adherents, far more than any other
world religion - 3 major branches
- Roman Catholic (52 of Christians)
- Protestant (21 of Christians)
- Eastern Orthodox (10)
19Christianity in Europe
- Roman Catholicism southwest and east
- Protestantism northwest
- Eastern Orthodoxy east and southeast
- 14 self-governing churches
- 40 of all Eastern Orthodox Christians belong to
the Russian Orthodox Church - 20 to Romanian Church
- Bulgarian, Greek, and Serbian Orthodox 10 each
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21Christianity in the Western Hemisphere
- 90 of people living in the Western Hemisphere
are Christian - Roman Catholicism
- 93 of Christians in Latin America
- 29 of Christians in North America (southwestern
and northeastern U.S., and Quebec) - Protestant
- 28 of the U.S.
- Baptist (southeast)
- Methodist, Pentecostal, and Lutheran (upper
midwest)
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25Origin of Christianity
- Christianity founded by the teachings of Jesus,
executed in AD 30 by the Romans - In the mid-first century, Christianity spread
beyond its Jewish origins under the leadership of
the Apostles, especially Peter and Paul. - Christianity spread east to Asia and throughout
the Roman Empire, despite persecution by the
Roman Emperors
26- Legalization by Emperor Constantine in 313
- 400s Council of Nicaea (to bring uniformity
within Christian world not achieved) - Middle Ages Latin and Greek Christianity
increasingly separated until the Great Schism
(1054), which formally divided Christendom into
the Catholic west and the Orthodox east. - 7th century Muslim rulers began a long series of
military conquests of Christian areas
27- Early sixteenth century
-
- Increasing discontent with corruption and
immorality among the clergy - Attempts to reform the Church and society.
- The Protestant Reformation began after Martin
Luther published his 95 theses in 1517 - Missionary zeal and colonial expansion
Christianity spread to the Americas, Oceania,
East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.
28Islam
- 1.3 billion people
- Predominant religion of the Middle East
- Half the worlds Muslims live outside the Middle
East, in Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and
India
295 pillars of Islam
- There is one God and Muhammad is Gods messenger
- A Muslim must pray 5 times daily, facing the city
of Mecca - A Muslim gives to charity
- A Muslim fasts during Ramadan
- A Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Mecca
30http//www.flickr.com/photos/shabbir/
31Branches of Islam
- 2 branches
- Sunni (83 of Muslims)
- Shiite (Shia) (16 of Muslims)
- Most in Iran, Pakistan, and Iraq
32Origin of Islam
- As in Judaism and Christianity, Adam was the
first man and Abraham was a descendant - Abraham married Sarah, who did not bear children
- Abraham married Hagar and had son Ishmael
- Sarah bore Isaac and forced Abraham to banish
Hagar and Ishmael - Jews and Christians trace their story through
Sarah and Isaac Muslims trace their story
through Hagar and Ishmael - Ishmael and Hagar wandered the Arabian desert,
reaching Mecca
http//www.goodallartists.ca/Hagar2020Ishmael2
0d.jpg
33- Centuries later, Ishmaels descendant, Muhammad,
became the Prophet of Islam - Around 600, Muhammad received his first
revelation from God through the Angel Gabriel - The Quran is a record of Gods words, as told by
Muhammad - Muhammad preached and suffered persecution so he
was commanded by God to emigrate (from Mecca to
Madina) - By Muhammads death in 632, Islam diffused to
most of Saudi Arabia
http//www.iconofile.com/events/images/angel_gabri
el.jpg
34Buddhism
- 400 million adherents, mainly in China and
Southeast Asia
35- Four noble truths of Buddhism
- All living beings must endure suffering
- Suffering is caused by a desire to live,
suffering leads to reincarnation - The goal of all existence is to escape from
suffering and ultimately reach Nirvana (reached
through mental and moral self-purification) - Nirvana is attained through an Eightfold Path
(rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action,
livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation)
363 branches of Buddhism
- Mahayana 56 of Buddhists
- Theravada 38
- Tantrayana 6
- Most Buddhists in China and Japan believe at the
same time in an ethnic religion
37Hinduism
- 3rd largest religion, 860 million adherents
- Followers can worship in their own ways
- No central authority or single holy book
38- Many manifestations of one god
- Vishnu (70 of Hindus)
- Siva (25)
- Shaktism worship of the female consorts of
Vishnu and Siva
http//www.spiritualtimesindia.com/indian-gods/gif
s/lord-vishnu.jpg, http//www.religion-spiritualit
y.org/images/Siva.jpg, http//www.sangeetshakti.co
m/sarasvati.jpg
39Confucianism
- Confucius (551-479 BC)
- Li an ancient Chinese tradition that means
correct behavior
wikipedia
40- Confucianism Ethical principles for the conduct
of daily life - Following traditions
- Fulfilling obligations
- Treating others with sympathy and respect
41Daoism
- Lao-Zi organized Daoism (based on Confucianism,
writings emphasized mystical and magical aspects
of life) - Purpose to seek Dao (the way or path)
42Daoism
- Cannot be comprehended by reason
- Avoidance of activity in order to live in harmony
- Legal? Communists took over China in 1949 and
Daoism was banned, practiced secretly, but legal
in Taiwan
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44Holy Places for universalizing religions
- Lumbini in Nepal, birthplace of Buddha
- Holiest place for Sikhism a temple called Darbar
Sahib (built in 7th century)
45- Mecca birthplace of Muhammad, contains holiest
objects of Islam (ex. Al Ka Ba cube)
http//www.2mfm.org/pictures/data/media/3/Al-Ka5E
ba-004.jpg
46Calendar
- Ethnic and universalizing religions have
different approaches to making calendars - Ethnic religions celebrate the seasons, often
based on agricultural events - Universalizing based on events in founders life
(Christianity Christmas) - Different branches of same religion can have
different calendars (Roman Catholics use
Gregorian calendar, E. Orthodox Julian calendar)
47Disposing of the Dead
- Burial Christians, Muslims, and Jews use a
cemetery (ancient Rome, catacombs) - Catacombs, then church yards, then public
cemeteries - Feet toward Jerusalem (to meet Christ)
- Cemeteries used as parks in Muslim countries
- China pressure on agricultural lands (burying
discontinued, cremation encouraged)
48- Cremation Hindus (funeral pyre), burying for
children and people with diseases - Cremation helps to cleanse and free the spirit
- Letting the body be exposed to the air and
animals - Micronesia disposal of bodies at sea (safeguard
against contamination)
49Hierarchical religions
- Well-defined geographic structure, organizes
territories into administrative units (ex. Roman
Catholicism) - Roman Catholicism Pope Archbishop (Diocese)
Bishops - Mormon wards, several wards make a stake,
highest is board and president (the heads redraw
boundaries)
50Conflict in Ireland
- Ireland became independent in 1937 and became a
republic in 1949 (92 Roman Catholic) - The northern tip is 58 Protestant
http//www.lonelyplanet.com/mapshells/europe/irela
nd/ireland.htm
51Ireland
- Roman Catholics wanted their own Republic
Protestants wanted to merge with the UK - Roman Catholics in northern tip discriminated
against and killed - IRA (Irish Republican Army Roman Catholic) vs.
UDF (Ulster Defense Force Protestant) - Peace agreement in 1999 didnt work
- 3,000 people have been killed since 1968
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53Religion Part 2
- Diffusion of religions
- Places of worship
- Religious conflict
54I. Diffusion of religions
- The 3 main universalizing religions
(Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism) diffused from
specific hearths (book pg 192) - Ethnic religions remain clustered in one location
- The hearths of the 3 religions are all in Asia
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56Diffusion of Christianity
- Relocation (diffusion through migration)
- Missionaries people who help to transmit a
universalizing religion through relocation
diffusion - Expansion (snowball effect)
- Contagious diffusion
- In ancient Rome, daily contact between believers
in town and nonbelievers in the countryside
(pagans) - Hierarchical diffusion
- Spread of Christianity throughout the Roman
Empire in the 4th century (Constantine)
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58Diffusion of Christianity
- Since 1500
- Migration and missionary activity
- Conversion of indigenous populations, and
intermarriage - Colonization
- Latin America Spanish and Portuguese
- Canada and the US Protestant English
- Immigration
- US and Canada Roman Catholic immigrants
- New England and Midwest immigrants from Ireland,
Italy, E. Europe (late 19th and early 20th
centuries) - US southwest immigrants from Mexico and Latin
America - Mormons migration to Utah under leadership of
Brigham Young
59Diffusion of Islam
- Muhammads successors organized followers into
armies - Extended control over Africa, Asia, and Europe
- Conquered Palestine, the Persian Empire, and much
of India - Relocation diffusion of missionaries to
sub-Saharan Africa and SE Asia - Arab traders brought Islam to Indonesia in the
13th century
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61Diffusion of Buddhism
- Did not diffuse rapidly from hearth in NE India
- Most responsible for spread of Buddhism was
Asoka, emperor of the Magadhan Empire around 250
BC
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63Diffusion of Buddhism
- Missionaries to neighboring areas (the island of
Sri Lanka, Kashmir, the Himalayas, Myanmar, and
around India) - 1st century AD merchants brought Buddhism to
China - 4th century from China to Korea
- 6th century Korea to Japan
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66Diffusion (or lack of diffusion) of Ethnic
Religions
- Most ethnic religions have limited, if any,
diffusion - Judaism has diffused dramatically
- Practiced in many countries, not just its place
of origin - Only since 1948 has a significant percentage of
the worlds Jews lived in their homeland - AD 70 Roman-induced diaspora (dispersion)
- Jews went to Europe, North Africa, and Asia
- Jews adapted to new cultures, but retained their
religious practices - Jews were often persecuted, forced to live in
ghettos (neighborhoods set up to be inhabited
only by Jews) - 1930s and WWII Nazis exterminated millions of
European Jews - Many survivors migrated to Israel
- Today less than 15 of Jews live in Europe (a
century ago, most lived in Europe)
67II. Places of worship
- Physical anchors of religion
- All major religions have structures
- Examples church, basilica, mosque, temple,
pagoda, and synagogue
68Christian churches
- Church a gathering of believers, and the
building where the gathering occurs - The church is important because it is an
expression of religious principles, an
environment in the image of God - Number and size
- High density of churches in the Christian
landscape (attendance considered extremely
important) - The church was often the largest and tallest
building and was placed in the central town
square - Expense Christians have contributed much wealth
to the building and maintenance of churches
69Christian church architecture
- Early churches modeled after Roman buildings for
public assemblies, called basilicas - Rectangular building with two rows of columns
that form a central nave (hall) and two side
aisles - At one end is the apse, in front of which is the
altar (the altar facilitates the reenactment of
Christs sacrifice) - Gothic period (1100s-1300s) floor plan in the
form of a cross
http//www.usi.edu/artdept/artinindiana/Glossary/i
mages/BASILICA.jpg
70- Since there are many denominations, no single
style has dominated (churches reflect the values
of the denomination and the architecture of the
area) - Eastern Orthodox architecture of the Byzantine
Empire, highly ornate, with domes
http//content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thum
b/a/aa/350px-St_Basils_Cathedral-500px.jpg
71- Protestantism in North America simple, little
ornamentation (austerity) - Available building materials
- US wood in the NE, brick in the SE, and adobe in
the SW - Latin America stucco and stone
http//www.hanford.gov/doe/history/photos/7343-NEG
.JPG
72Muslim mosques
- The mosque is a space for community assembly, not
viewed as a sanctified place - Organized around a central courtyard, often open
to the air - The pulpit is placed at the end of the courtyard,
facing Mecca - Surrounding the courtyard is a cloister used for
schools and nonreligious activities - A distinctive feature is the minaret, a tower
where a man known as a muzzan summons people to
worship
73http//www.coulouris.net/george-jean/Egypt2001/kha
n/Al-Azhar20mosque7-pp.JPG
74Hindu temples
- Sacred structures for worship are not as
important in Asian universalizing and ethnic
religions - Religious functions often take place in the home
- Temples are built to house shrines for gods,
rather than for people to gather - A Hindu temple serves as a home to one or more
gods - Contains a small interior room where an artifact
or image of the god rests
75http//www.laindia.us/images/mali4.jpg
76Buddhist and Shintoist pagodas
- The pagoda is prominent and attractive, elaborate
and delicate, with tall many-sided towers
arranged in a series of tiers, balconies, and
slanting roofs - Contain relics that Buddhists believe come from
Buddhas body or clothing - Not designed for congregational worship
- Pray may be in a temple, at a remote monastery,
or in a home
77http//www.maam.org/flightsim/enhance/pagoda.jpg h
ttp//www.sights-and-culture.com/china/suzhou-ruig
uang-ta-pagoda-0073.jpg
78Bahai Houses of Worship
- Built in Illinois in 1953, Australia and Uganda
in 1961, Germany in 1964, Panama in 1972, Samoa
in 1984, India in 1986 - Others planned in Iran, Chile, and Israel
- First one built in Russia in 1908 (no longer
existing) - Dispersed to different continents to show that
Bahai is a universalizing religion - Services include reciting the scriptures of
various religions
79Wilmette, Illinois http//online.asla.org/scriptco
ntent/Custom/special_project/Clip20Bahai20Aerial
.jpg
80Religious conflict
- The 20th century, a century of global conflict
- Contributing to religious conflict has been a
resurgence of religious fundamentalism (strict
and intense adherence to basic principles of a
religion - Conflict between religion and government
- Conflict between religions
81Conflict between religion and government
- Taliban versus western values
- The Taliban gained power in Afghanistan in 1996
- They have run Islamic schools, mosques, shrines,
and other religious services since the 7th
century AD - They imposed very strict laws inspired by Islamic
values - The Taliban was criticized for misinterpreting
the Quran - They banned Western, non-Islamic leisure
activities - They destroyed Ancient Buddhist statues
- In 2001, a US-led coalition overthrew the Taliban
and replaced it with a democratic government, but
the Taliban has regrouped and resumed its fight
82Conflict between religion and government
- Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Islam versus
the Soviet Union - In 1721, Czar Peter the Great made the Russian
Orthodox Church part of the Russian government - Following the 1917 Bolshevik revolution, the
Communist government of the Soviet Union pursued
antireligious programs - Marxism became the official doctrine of the
Soviet Union, weakening organized religion - All church buildings and property were
nationalized and could only be used with
government permission - Late 20th century end of Communist rule,
religious revival in Eastern Europe, property
confiscated by Communist governments reverted to
church ownership
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85Conflict between religions
- Palestine occupied by Jews, then Roman
Christians, then Muslims in the 7th century - Crusades between Christians and Muslims
- 7th century Arabs conquered the Middle East and
converted people from Christianity to Islam - Conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula, and
moved into France, but they were finally stopped
by Christians - The Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople (E.
Orthodox Christianitys most important city) - To win back the Holy Land, the Christians
launched the Crusades, over a 150-year period
86Conflict between religions
- Religious wars in Ireland
- The Republic of Ireland, 5/6 of the island, is
92 Roman Catholic - The islands northern 1/6, part of the UK, is
about 58 Protestant and 42 Roman Catholic - Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland have been
victimized - Demonstrations by Catholics began in 1968, and
thousands have been killed - Roman Catholics Irish Republican Army (IRA),
dedicted to achieving Irish national unity - Protestants Ulster Defense Force (UDF)
- Many people are willing to live peacefully, but
extremists are not
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88- Jews versus Muslims in Palestine
- The Muslim Ottoman Empire controlled Palestine
between 1516 and 1917 - Ottoman Empire defeated in WWI, and Great Britain
took over Palestine - The British allowed some Jews to return to
Palestine - After WWII, violence between Jews and Muslims
increased, and Britain withdrew in 1948 - The UN partitioned Palestine into two independent
states, one Jewish and one Muslim (Jerusalem was
to be in international city, run by the UN)
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90- Jews declared an independent state of Israel, so
the neighboring Arab Muslims declared war - They signed an agreement in 1949 that divided
control of Jerusalem - The Old City became part of the Muslim country of
Jordan - The newer part became part of Israel
- Israel won 3 more wars in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s
- Israel captured the West Bank
- They gained control of the whole city of
Jerusalem - They gained control of Gaza Strip and Sinai
Peninsula (later returned to Egypt) - The status of other territories occupied by
Israel still has not been settled
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95Violence in Northern Ireland http//www.youtube.c
om/watch?vGDiMI6pqB08 (New Slang) http//www.you
tube.com/watch?vWMJ0t-DyA84moderelatedsearch
(murals) http//www.youtube.com/watch?vhakHcoxR2
csmoderelatedsearch (riots) http//www.youtub
e.com/watch?vDfuo_BioPi8moderelatedsearch
(Oppose Censorship) http//www.youtube.com/watc
h?vedKf1rXYiZw (Cranberries background) http//w
ww.youtube.com/watch?vlyp5we2ySDo (Cranberries
Zombie) http//www.youtube.com/watch?vQPrTl2_qX
Xs (Oppose Censorship 2)
96- Sunday Bloody Sunday one of U2's most
overtly-political songs, its lyrics describe the
horror felt by an observer of The Troubles in
Northern Ireland. - Together, Lennon and Ono lament police brutality
in, "Attica State", the hardships of war-torn
Northern Ireland in, "Sunday Bloody Sunday" and
"The Luck Of The Irish" and pay tribute to Angela
Davis with, "Angela". - Bloody Sunday (Irish Domhnach na Fola) is the
term used to describe an incident in Derry1,
Northern Ireland, on 30 January 1972 in which 26
civil rights protesters were shot by members of
the 1st Battalion of the British Parachute
Regiment led by Lieutenant-Colonel Derek Wilford
and his second-in-command Captain (later General)
Mike Jackson, who had joint responsibility for
the operation, during a Northern Ireland Civil
Rights Association march in the Bogside area of
the city. Thirteen people, six of whom were
minors, died immediately, while the death of
another person 4½ months later has been
attributed to the injuries he received on the
day. The Provisional Irish Republican Army's
(IRA) campaign against Northern Ireland being a
part of the United Kingdom had begun in the two
years prior to Bloody Sunday, but perceptions of
the day boosted the status of and recruitment
into the organisation.6 Bloody Sunday remains
among the most significant events in the recent
troubles of Northern Ireland, arguably because it
was carried out by the army and not
paramilitaries, and in full public and press
view.7 - "Zombie" is a protest song by the Irish band The
Cranberries from the 1994 album No Need to Argue.
It is about the conflicts in Northern Ireland
known as "The Troubles", with references to the
Easter Rising of 1916. It was written during the
Cranberries' English Tour in 1993, in memory of
two boys, Jonathan Ball and Tim Parry, who were
killed in an IRA bombing in Warrington, Cheshire
(North-West England) on 20 March 1993.