GHSGT PREP Table of Content

1
GHSGT PREPTable of Content

• Tab 1 World Studies
• Tab 2 U.S. History to 1877
• Tab 3 U.S. History since 1877
• Tab 4 Civic/Citizenship
• Tab 5 Map and Globe Skills
• Tab 6 Information Processing Skills

2
World Studies

• The World Studies portion of the GHSGT will test
  your knowledge over various people and events in
  World History.

3
Part I World Studies

• This portion of the World Studies review
  presentation is a brief overview of Ancient
  Civilizations through the Enlightenment (1700s).

4
AZTEC INDIANS

• They were a Mesoamerican Indian culture.
• -devastated by Cortez and the Spanish in the
  1520s.

5
INCA INDIANS

• They were a South American Indian culture in
  Peru.
• -devastated by Pizarro and the Spanish in the
  1530s.

6
RENAISSANCE

• The word, Renaissance means, Rebirth.
• The Renaissance was a rebirth of the classics of
  ancient Greece Rome.
• It began in Italy in the 14th c. (1300s).

7
SPAIN

• -country that sponsored Christopher Columbus
  voyage in 1492.
• Ferdinand Isabella were monarchs.
• In fourteen hundred and ninety two, Columbus
  sailed the ocean blue.

8
JOHANN GUTENBERG

• He introduced movable type (the printing press)
  to Europe in the 15th Century (1455).
• This was a faster less expensive way to copy
  books.
• First full-sized book printedgt Holy Bible

9
PROTESTANT REFORMATION

• - begun by Martin Luther in 1517
• - attacked the beliefs of the Catholic Church.
• - resulted in a split in the Catholic Church
  (Catholics Protestants)

10
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

• This was the overthrow of James II of England in
  1688, which gave Parliament control of the
  government
• -called Glorious because there was no
  bloodshed.
• William Mary take over the throne.

11
ENLIGHTENMENT

• This was an 18th c. (1700s) intellectual
  movement
• Began in France.
• Enlightenment thinkers, called philosophes
  questioned accepted ways of thinking.

12
Part II World Studies

• This portion of the World Studies review
  presentation is a brief overview of the
  Revolutionary Period (1700s) through the Post
  WWII period (1900s).

13
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

• This was the first successful colonial
  independence movement against a European power
  (England), 1775-1783.
• Great Britain vs. American colonies

14
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

• This was a revolution in France from 1789-1800
  that was inspired by the American Revolution.
• A bloody revolution where 1000s died on the
  guillotine.

15
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

• He was a military leader who took control of
  France in 1800, establishing an empire over the
  next two decades.
• He was finally defeated at Waterloo, Belgium.

16
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• This was a series of economic and mechanical
  changes beginning in Great Britain in the 1700s
  and spreading to the rest of the world in the
  18th to 20th centuries.

17
KARL MARX

• This was a German socialist best known for
  writing The Communist Manifesto in 1848.
• He is known as the father of Communism.

18
OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• This Islamic empire was finally dismantled after
  World War I (became Turkey).
• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
  were the losers in WW I.

19
GERMANY

• This is the country that started WWII in Europe
  in 1939 with its invasion of Poland.
• Symbol of the Nazi Party was the swastika.

20
ADOLPH HITLER

• This was the totalitarian leader of Nazi Germany
  during World War II.
• History blames him for the Holocaust!

21
BENITO MUSSOLINI

• He was a leader of Italy during World War II and
  ally to Adolph Hitler.
• He created the first fascist state through the
  use of terror and propaganda.
• Il Duce

22
JAPAN

• This was the last of the Axis Powers (Germany,
  Italy, and Japan) to surrender in WWII.
• It was the target of atomic warfare in 1945
  (Hiroshima and Nagasaki).

23
GANDHI

• This was the leader of the Indian independence
  movement in the mid-20th century.
• known for his nonviolent protests.
• Martin Luther King, Jr. studied his work.

24
MAO ZEDONG

• This was the leader of the 20th century Communist
  revolution in China.

25
COLD WAR

• - name given to the relations between the U.S.
  and the Soviet Union following WWII (second half
  of the 20th century)
• Resulted in the buildup of nuclear weapons.

26
NATO

• -an international organization created by the
  U.S. and its allies in 1949 to prevent attacks by
  the Soviet Union.
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

27
UNITED NATIONS

• -an international organization created following
  WWII to provide a way to negotiate disputes.
• The point was to make countries talk before
  fighting.

28
APARTHEID

• This was a name given to the racial
  discrimination policies in South Africa through
  most of the 20th century (1900s).

29
U.S. History to 1877

• This portion of the U.S. History review is a
  brief overview of colonization through
  Reconstruction.

30
Aztecs

• They were a Mesoamerican Indian culture that was
  devastated by Cortez and
  the Spanish in the 1520s.

31
INCA INDIANS

• They were a South American Indian culture that
  was devastated by Pizarro and the Spanish in the
  1530s.

32
Conquistadores

• These are Spanish explorers who conquered native
  American cultures.

33
Encomienda

• This was the system by which the Spanish
  government rewarded
• its governors in the Americas with title to land
  and permission
• to enslave any natives living on that land.

34
St. Augustine

• This was the oldest continually occupied European
  settlement in North America. It was founded on
  August 28, 1565, by the Spanish.

35
Columbian Exchange

• This was the enormously widespread transfer of
  agricultural
• goods between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
  that occurred after 1492.

36
Jamestown

• This was the first permanent English colony in
  the New World.

37
John Smith

• He was an English soldier and sailor, who is now
  remembered for helping to establish
  Jamestown, the first permanent English
• colony in North America.

38
Headright System

• This was the system sponsored by English colonies
  to grant land to the person who purchases passage
  to the colony from Europe.

39
House of Burgesses

• This was the first representative government in
  North America located in Virginia.

40
Indentured servants

• In U.S. History, this is the name for people who
  were forced into labor for a certain period of
  time in return for their paid passage to North
  America.

41
Mayflower Compact

• This was the first governing document of Plymouth
  Colony,
• signed by the Pilgrims in November of 1620.

42
Benjamin Franklin

• This was a printer, scientist and inventor who
  helped write both the Declaration of Independence
  and the Constitution.

43
Great Awakening

• This was a religious revival that promised the
  grace of God to all who could experience a desire
  for it.

44
French And Indian War

• Battles between France and England in the new
  world resulting in the loss of all French
  possessions.

45
Samuel Adams

• This was an American revolutionary who led the
  Boston Tea Party.

46
Sons of Liberty

• This group of Patriots was formed in 1765 and
  urged colonial resistance to the Stamp Act using
  any means available even
• violence.

47
Paul Revere

• This was an American silversmith who warned of
  the advance of the British on Lexington and
  Concord.

48
Boston Tea Party

• This was a political protest by Boston,
  Massachusetts residents against the British
  parliament partly in response to the 1765 stamp
  act.

49
Mercantilism

• This was the economic philosophy that control of
  imports was the key to enhancing the health of a
  nation and that Colonies existed to serve the
  home country as a source of raw materials and a
  market for manufactured goods.

50
LEXINGTON AND CONCORD

• Battles where first shots of the American
  Revolution were fired

51
Second Continental Congress

• Convened in May of 1775
• Drafted Olive Branch Petition to avoid war with
  Britain
• Eventually declared independence over a year later

52
Valley Forge

• Site of the headquarters of the Continental Army
  under George Washington during the American
  Revolution
• Symbol of sacrifice

53
Saratoga

• This battle marked the turning point in the
  American Revolution because the French entered
  the war on the side of the colonies

54
Treaty of Paris of 1783

• This document formally ended the American
  Revolution
• Britain was forced to recognize American
  independence

55
Articles of Confederation

• First constitution of the United States
• Established first government
• Created in 1777

56
Northwest Ordinance

• Major accomplishment of federal government under
  Articles of Confederation
• Provided a way to add more states to the union

57
John Locke

• British philosopher who came up with idea of
  social contract
• Governments only purpose was to protect mans
  natural rights

58
Shays Rebellion

• Uprising of farmers in Massachusetts in 1786
• Feared losing land due to taxes
• Showed the weakness of the federal government

59
Philadelphia Convention

• Meeting called in 1787 to AMEND the Articles of
  Confederation
• Instead WROTE our present constitution

60
James Madison

• Author of the Virginia Plan at the constitutional
  convention
• Known as Father of Constitution because of his
  journals

61
republic

• Form of government run by elected leaders
• Chosen as plan for United States government at
  constitutional convention

62
Great Compromise

• At the constitutional convention in 1787, this
  deal used parts of Virginia Plan and New Jersey
  Plan
• Created bicameral Congress with one house based
  on population and one on an equal number from
  each state

63
Bill of Rights

• First ten amendments to the constitution
• Written to protect individual against the federal
  government

64
Federalist Papers

• Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and
  John Jay
• Purpose was to persuade people of New York to
  ratify the constitution

65
Alexander Hamilton

• Founding Father
• Author of Federalist Papers
• First secretary of treasury and architect of our
  first fiscal plan
• Killed in duel with Aaron Burr

66
Protective tariff

• Tax on imported goods
• Designed to prevent domestic companies from
  having to compete with foreign goods of lower
  price

67
Excise tax

• Tax added to certain items to raise money
• Established by Alexander Hamilton
• Excise tax on whiskey led to Whiskey Rebellion

68
XYZ Affair

• Under John Adams, French demanded American
  ambassadors pay tribute to see French diplomats
• Almost led to war with France

69
Alien and Sedition Acts

• passed under John Adams, these laws were supposed
  to suppress opposition to the government
• Serious violation of principles of free speech
  spelled out in first amendment of Bill of Rights

70
Marbury v. Madison

• This was the first decision of the Supreme Court
  of the United States to declare an act of
  Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing the
  doctrine of judicial review.

71
John Marshall

• This was the great Chief Justice, he presided
  over the case of Marbury v. Madison and was
  remembered as the principal English colony in
  North America.

72
Louisiana Purchase

• 1803, American acquisition from France of the
  formerly Spanish region of Louisiana .
• This was a territory in the western U.S. bought
  from France for 15 million.

73
Lewis Clark

• In 1803,, the U.S. purchased the Louisiana
  Territory from France. This was a huge tract of
  over 800,000 square miles, taking in nearly the
  entire mid-section of North America from
  present-day Texas and Louisiana up to Montana and
  North Dakota. This almost doubled the size of the
  new country.

74
Sacagawea

• A near-legendary figure in the history of the
  American West for her indispensible role on the
  Lewis and Clark Expedition, Sacagawea has become
  an enigma for historians seeking to trace her
  later life.
• She was the daughter of a Shoshone chief.

75
Impressments

• This was the practice of the British Navy to stop
  U.S. ships on the open ocean and force crewmen
  into British naval service.

76
New Orleans

• This was a Battle during the War of 1812 fought
  after it ended, this paved the way for Andrew
  Jackson to presidency.

77
Era of Good Feelings

• 181525) Period of U.S. national unity and
  complacency. A Boston newspaper coined the term
  in 1817 to describe a nation free from the
  influence of European political and military
  events.

78
Monroe Doctrine

• The Monroe Doctrine is a U.S. doctrine which, on
  December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers
  should no longer colonize or interfere with the
  affairs of the nations of the Americas

79
Spoils System

• The spoils system involves political activity by
  public employees in support of their party and
  the employees' removal from office if their party
  loses the election.

80
Suffrage

• This is the right to vote.

81
National Road

• It was known by several names the National Road,
  the Cumberland Road and the National Pike. It was
  the first federally sponsored highway and was
  quite a feat for its day. In Europe there had
  been. Construction on this began in 1811 and was
  the first federally funded turnpike in the U.S.

82
Nullification

• Nullification is a constitutional theory that
  gives an individual state the right to declare
  null and void any law passed by the United States
  Congress which the state deems unacceptable and
  unconstitutional.

83
Indian Removal Act

• This granted tribes unsettled western prairie
  land in exchange for their territories within
  state borders, mainly in the Southeast.

84
Trail Of Tears

• This was the forced migration of the Cherokee
  Indians to Oklahoma in 1838-39.

85
Transcendentalism

• American transcendentalism was an important
  movement in philosophy and literature that
  flourished during the early to middle years of
  the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). 

86
Mormon Trail

• This was a 1200 mile route from Illinois to Salt
  Lake City Utah.

87
DOROTHEA DIX

• This was a U.S. social reformer on behalf of the
  mentally ill.

88
Susan B. Anthony

• This was a Womens suffrage pioneer who also
  urged for emancipation.

89
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• This was a U.S. social reformer and womens
  suffrage leader.

90
Seneca Falls Declaration

• This was crafted during a rally for womens
  rights in upstate New York in 1848, and asserted
  that women deserved the same rights as men,
  rights which were guaranteed in both the
  Declaration of Independence and the U.S.
  Constitution.

91
Missouri Compromise

• This was a congressional agreement of 1820
  which included the admission of one free and one
  slave state to maintain the balance of free and
  slave states in the Union.

92
Nat Turner

• He attempted to lead a slave revolt in Virginia
  in 1838, and though it was unsuccessful (he was
  executed for his violence), his actions
  represented a change in tone in the abolition
  movement

93
Abolitionists

• People who fought for emancipation of the slaves
  and to end the slave trade.

94
William Lloyd Garrison

• This was a U.S. Journalist who founded the
  radical newspaper The Liberator, and fought to
  abolish slavery.

95
Frederick Douglass

• This was a U.S. abolitionist who founded the
  North Star.

96
Underground Railroad

• This was a system of secret safe-houses and
  hiding places to aid runaway slaves escape.

97
Harriet Beecher Stowe

• This was a U.S. philanthropist who wrote Uncle
  Toms Cabin.

98
Compromise of 1850

• This was an agreement that California would be
  admitted to the Union, the slave trade in the
  District of Columbia would be restricted, and the
  Fugitive Slave Law would be enforced.

99
Kansas-Nebraska Act

• In 1854 Stephen A. Douglas introduced this to the
  Senate, to allow states to enter the Union with
  or without slavery.

100
Dred Scott Decision

• This was a 1857 Supreme Court decision that a
  slave, because he was not a citizen, could not
  sue for his freedom..

101
Border States

• These were slave states which did not secede from
  the Union prior to the US Civil War.

102
Emancipation Proclamation

• Abraham Lincolns order that all slaves who were
  located in seceded states were to be freed.

103
Jefferson Davis

• This politician from Mississippi was once
  Secretary of War for President Franklin Pierce,
  thought he is more known for being the first and
  only President of the Confederate States of
  America.

104
Shermans March to the Sea

• This was a military campaign embarked upon by the
  United States Army in late 1864 which destroyed
  property along a wide swath south from Atlanta to
  the Atlantic Ocean in order to punish the
  Confederates for starting the war.

105
Ulysses S. Grant

• This Union General made a name for himself at the
  siege at Vicksburg, though he later defeated
  Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia to end
  the Civil War.
• He would later be the 18th President of the
  United States (18691877).

106
Andrew Johnson

• 17th president of the U.S., clashed with Radical
  Republicans over Reconstruction programs was
  impeached, then acquitted in 1868 by one vote.

107
Black Codes

• Special laws passed by southern state governments
  immediately after the Civil War. They were
  designed to control former slaves, and to subvert
  the intent of the Thirteenth Amendment.

108
Poll Tax

• A special fee a person must pay in order to vote.
  Used in the Post-Reconstruction South to deny
  the right to vote to the newly freed slaves.

109
Jim Crow Laws

• Laws designed to separate blacks and whites which
  were degrading to African Americans.

110
Ku Klux Klan

• A secret society pledged to defend the social
  and political superiority of the white race
  against aggressions of an inferior race.

111
Carpetbaggers

• An insulting nickname for a Northern Republican
  who moved to the South after the Civil War. The
  name references their inexpensive luggage.

112
Scalawags

• Native white Southern politicians who joined the
  Republican party after the war and advocated the
  acceptance of and compliance with congressional
  Reconstruction.

113
U.S. History since 1877

• This portion of the U.S. History review is a
  brief overview of the period from the Populist
  Revolt through the present.

114
Thomas Edison

• Known as the Wizard of Menlo Park, he is famous
  for his hundred of inventions, including the
  incandescent light bulb, phonograph, the
  Dictaphone, and hundreds of others.

115
John D. Rockefeller

• The New York industrialist who made hundreds of
  millions of dollars in the 19th century with this
  Standard Oil Company and pioneered the corporate
  strategy of vertical integration.

116
Andrew Carnegie

• This Scottish-born American industrialist made
  his fortune in the steel industry.
• He also was known for giving away millions of
  dollars to charities at the end of the 19th
  century.

117
Gospel of Wealth

• This was the hypothesis that wealth was the great
  end and aim of man, the one thing needful.

118
Monopoly

• This is a when one company controls the market
  for a certain product, there is no competition.

119
Antitrust

• These are laws and regulations designed to
  protect trade and commerce from unfair business
  practices.
• Sherman Antitrust Act

120
Robber Barons

• American capitalists of the latter part of the
  19th century who became wealthy through
  exploitation (as of natural resources,
  governmental influence, or low wage scales).
• Rockefeller, Carnegie

121
Social Darwinism

• This was the theory that people are subject to
  natural selection and wealth was a sign of
  superiority.

122
Nativism

• In the late 19th century, this political and
  social movement swept through the United States,
  its followers believing that all people who were
  not born in the U.S. and were of European
  heritage should be banned from the country.

123
Chinese Exclusion Act

• This law, passed in 1882, forbade any laborers
  from China to enter the United States for 10
  years. It was meant to protect U.S. jobs in the
  expanding West, but its racial overtones were
  symptoms of larger problems.

124
Urbanization

• This is a rise in a society's city population.

125
Jane Addams

• She was a founder of Hull House, a settlement
  house that helped immigrants of the late 19th
  century become acclimated to life in the United
  States, and was a pioneer in the field of social
  work.

126
Horatio Alger

• This was a United States author of inspirational
  adventure stories for boys virtue and hard work
  overcome poverty.

127
Compromise of 1877

• This was the solution to the contested
  Presidential election of 1876 and furthermore
  brought an end to the period of Reconstruction
  following the Civil War.

128
Booker T. Washington

• This was a U.S. educator and reformer. He became
  perhaps the most prominent African American
  leader of his time.

129
Plessy v. Ferguson

• This was a U.S. Supreme Court decision that
  established the legality of racial segregation so
  long as facilities were separate but equal.

130
Manifest Destiny

• The argument that God had ordained that United
  States was destined to expand across the entire
  continent of North America.

131
Gold Rush

• The most important event to attract settlers west
  was the discovery of gold at Sutters Mill,
  California in 1849.

132
Oregon Trail

• Overland trail linking Independence, Missouri and
  Oregon which was used by many pioneers during the
  1840s.

133
Homestead Act

• Legislation passed in 1862 allowing any citizen
  or applicant for citizenship over 21 years old
  and head of a family to acquire 160 acres of
  public land by living on it and cultivating it
  for five years

134
Buffalo Soldiers

• This is the nickname given to black soldiers with
  the U.S. Cavalry who helped to spread the U.S.
  westward in the decades following the Civil War.

135
George Custer

• U.S. Cavalry General whose unwise and reckless
  conduct got him and over 200 soldier of the
  Seventh Cavalry killed at the Battle of Little
  Big Horn

136
Ghost Dance

• A Native American movement in the 1890s that
  believed a ritualistic ceremony would result in
  the reanimation of Indian dead and the defeat of
  the white invaders into the West

137
Grangers

• This was a group of American farmers who united
  in the late 19th century to lobby Congress to
  pass laws protecting them from unfair business
  practices of large industry.

138
Populist

•  This was the movement that advocated state
  control of railroads and currency expansion.

139
Open Door Policy

•  This is a U.S. foreign policy that all countries
  should have equal access with China

140
Spanish American War

•  This was a conflict in which the U.S. gained
  many island territories, especially Puerto Rico
  and the Philippines.

141
Rough Riders

•  This was a regiment in the Spanish-American War
  organized and led by Theodore Roosevelt that
  included cowboys, miners, policemen, and college
  athletes.

142
Theodore Roosevelt

•  This was a 26th President of the United States
  hero of the Spanish-American War Panama canal
  was built during his administration said Speak
  softly but carry a big stick (1858-1919). He was
  considered by many to be the nation's first
  conservation President.

143
Roosevelt Corollary

•  This policy reasserted the U.S. position as
  protector of the Western Hemisphere.

144
Panama Canal

•  This connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
  through Central America.

145
Dollar Diplomacy

•  These are international relations influenced by
  economic considerations.

146
Muckrakers

•  This group of authors and journalists wrote of
  horrible working conditions in American industry
  in the early 20th century, resulting in more
  governmental protection of workers.

147
Progressive Movement

•  This was a political reform movement in the late
  19th and early 20th centuries to protect working
  class citizens.

148
Square Deal

•  This was a Roosevelt's plans to help safeguard
  the rights of workers.

149
Conservation Movement

•  This was an American invention of John Audubon
  and others who wished to protect natural habitat
  from man in the 19th century. They lobbied
  consistently for parks and human exclusion from
  the wild.

150
Woodrow Wilson

•  28th President of the United States led the
  United States in World War I and secured the
  formation of the League of Nations (1856-1924).

151
New Freedom

•  This was Woodrow Wilson's plan to break up
  monopolies and regulate business.

152
Federal Reserve

•  This is the central banking authority in the
  United States, which supervises commercial banks
  by monitoring accounts and controlling interest
  rates.

153
Sixteenth Amendment

•  This amendment made personal income tax
  permanent..

154
Income Tax

•  This is a tax levied on net personal or business
  income.

155
Seventeenth Amendment

•  This amendment provided for the direct election
  of U.S. senators.

156
Nineteenth Amendment

•  This amendment gave women the right to vote.

157
Womens Suffrage

•  
• This was a movement to give females the right to
  vote.

158
Isolationism

•  This is a policy of nonparticipation in
  international affairs.

159
Lusitania

•  The sinking of this ship brought the U.S. into
  WWI.

160
Zimmerman Note

•  Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an
  ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with
  the U.S.

161
Interventionism

•  This is a policy of advocating participation in
  foreign countries affairs.

162
Eighteenth Amendment

• Amendment prohibiting the sale and manufacture of
  alcohol
• 21st amendment repealed this amendment

163
Prohibition

• Outlawing the sale and manufacture of alcohol
• Written into the constitution as the 18th
  amendment
• Ended by passage of 21st amendment

164
Gangsterism

• Brought about by the passage of the 18th
  amendment
• Organized crime led by rival gangs
• Al Capone was the most famous gangster of the
  period

165
Red Scare

• Period following World War I characterized by
  widespread fear of communist takeover of the
  United States
• A second Red Scare occurred after World War II

166
Sacco and Vanzetti

• Occurred in 1920s during height of Red Scare
• Two Italian immigrants were found guilty of
  murder
• Victims of social and political prejudice

167
Flappers

• Nickname given to women in the 1920s who wore
  short dresses, short hair and partied like men
• Threw off traditions of how women should behave

168
Scopes Trial

• Famous case of 1920s
• Came about because of teaching of evolution
• Showed tension between traditionalists and
  modernists

169
Charles Lindbergh

• First man to fly solo non-stop across the
  Atlantic
• Flight occurred in 1927 in plane named The
  Spirit of St. Louis
• Became great hero

170
Harlem Renaissance

• Period of artistic activity in New Yorks Harlem
  district
• Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong and others
  gained national attention

171
Speculation

• Making high risk investments in the hope of
  achieving great gains
• Many people speculated by buying stock in the
  1920s

172
Babe Ruth

• Known as the Sultan of Swat
• Played for New York Yankees
• Held home run record until 1974
• Restored popularity to baseball after scandal of
  World Series of 1919

173
Great Depression

• Period of economic crisis lasting from 1929-1939
• Worldwide in scope
• Caused mainly by overproduction of the 1920s

174
Dust Bowl

• Term given to area of Great Plains most affected
  by Great Drought of 1930s
• Many farmers of the area were forced to move to
  California, as described in The Grapes of Wrath

175
Bonus Army

• Group of veterans marched on Washington, D.C. in
  1932 demanding bonuses for fighting in World War
  I
• Hoover sent in troops, making him seem very
  unsympathetic

176
New Deal

• Program for reviving the economy during the Great
  Depression
• Begun by Franklin Roosevelt
• Made up of the three rs relief, recovery,
  reform

177
WPA

• Created as part of the New Deal to stimulate the
  economy
• Provided useful jobs for unemployed people to
  preserve their self-respect

178
TVA

• Created by Congress as one of the major public
  works projects of the New Deal
• Built a system of dams for hydroelectricity in
  the south

179
Totalitarianism

• A centralized government that does not allow
  opposing political opinions
• Has total control over lives of citizens
• Rise of totalitarianism led to World War II

180
Adolf Hitler

• Totalitarian leader of Germany during World War
  II
• His invasion of Poland in 1939 began World War II
• Allied with Italy and Japan to form Axis nations

181
Holocaust

• Act of genocide carried out by the German
  government against the Jews under Hitler
• Millions were tortured and killed

182
Blitzkrieg

• Rapid attack method used by Germans in World War
  II
• Using this tactic, Hitler was able to take over
  many countries very quickly

183
Winston Churchill

• British prime minister during World War II
• Along with Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin,
  made up the Allied leaders

184
Pearl Harbor

• U.S. naval base in Hawaii
• Attacked by Japan unexpectedly on December 7,
  1941
• Caused U.S. to declare war on Japan

185
Allied Powers in World War II

• Nations united in the fight against Germany,
  Italy, and Japan in World War II
• Major Allied Powers were Britain, the Soviet
  Union, and the U.S.

186
Axis Powers

• Alliance of nations that fought against the
  Allied Powers in World War II
• Made up of Germany, Italy, and Japan

187
Normandy Invasion

• Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of
  western Europe that began on June 6, 1944

188
Nüremburg War Trials

• Nazi World War II criminals were tried during
  these before an international tribunal

189
United Nations

• This is an international organization created
  following World War II to provide a way to
  negotiate disputes.

190
Marshall Plan

• Following World War II, this called for giving
  away billions of dollars in aid to help rebuild
  war-torn Europe, with the purpose of creating a
  viable trading partner and post-war allies.

191
Cold War

• This was a name given to the relations between
  the U.S. the Soviet Union in the second half of
  the 20th century which saw the buildup of nuclear
  arms.

192
Berlin Airlift

• This was a delivery of supplies in a German city
  to circumvent the Soviet blockade

193
Truman Doctrine

• This said that the United States would aid any
  nation in resisting the growing threat of
  communism and became the guiding force of
  American foreign policy during the Cold War.

194
NATO

• This is an international organization created by
  the U.S. and its allies in 1949 to prevent
  attacks by the Soviet Union. ( North Atlantic
  Treaty Organization).

195
Warsaw Pact

• This was a military alliance between the Soviet
  Union and the countries of Eastern Europe

196
McCarthyism

• This was unscrupulously accusing people of
  disloyalty to the United States (as by saying
  they were Communists, usually with sketchy or no
  evidence).

197
Korean War

• This was a national conflict in an Asian country
  aided by Russia in the North and the U.S. in the
  South (1950-1953).

198
Douglas MacArthur

• This was a United States general who served as
  chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the
  South Pacific during World War II he accepted
  the surrender of Japan (1880-1964).

199
Dwight Eisenhower

• This was a United States general who supervised
  the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi
  Germany 34th President of the United States
  (1890-1961).

200
Brown v. Board of Education

• This Supreme Court case, decided in 1954,
  declared that the segregation doctrine of
  separate but equal, was not Constitutional when
  applied to the public school system.

201
NAACP

• This is the oldest and largest U.S. civil rights
  organization. Members of this have referred to it
  as The National Association. The letters stands
  for National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People.

202
John F. Kennedy

• The 35th President of the United States, he was
  known for authorizing the failed Bay of Pigs
  invasion, successfully leading the country during
  the Cuban Missile Crisis, and for being
  assassinated while in Dallas, Texas, in November
  of 1963.

203
Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Signed into law by President Johnson, this bill
  protected African Americans and women from job
  discrimination and any discrimination in public
  places.

204
Great Society

• This is the name given to President Lyndon B.
  Johnsons domestic programs, among them VISTA,
  Job Corps, Head Start, the War on Poverty, and
  the Medicare and Medicaid programs.

205
Malcolm X

• Often associated with confrontational Civil
  Rights protest, he was a leader in the Nation of
  Islam in the United States, an early advocate of
  Black Power, but became a more moderate voice
  in the Civil Rights movement before his
  assassination in 1965

206
Feminist Movement

• This is the movement aimed at equal rights for
  women.

207
Environmentalism

• This is an advocacy for or work toward protecting
  nature from destruction or pollution.

208
Pacifists

• These are people opposed to violence to attain
  end goals.

209
NAFTA

• agreement signed in 1993 to reduce tariffs
  between the United States, Canada, and Mexico

210
sun belt

• This is the term given to states in the southern
  and warmer parts of the country that saw a
  tremendous increase in population and industry in
  the years following World War II.

211
Civic/Citizenship

• The following terms cover the basics of the
  structure and function of government, the role of
  the citizen, legal rights and responsibilities,
  and Constitutional amendments.

212
SOVEREIGNTY

• This is the absolute power of a government within
  its own territory.

213
FEDERALISM

• This system of government has powers divided
  between the central government and regional
  governments, with central government being
  supreme.

214
LIMITED GOVERNMENT

• This is a ruling body that is not all powerful,
  but is restricted in what it may do by certain
  rights guaranteed to the people which may not be
  abolished or taken away from the people.

215
CHECKS AND BALANCES

• This is the system of overlapping powers among
  legislative, executive, and judicial branches to
  allow each branch to oversee the actions of the
  others.
• The presidents veto power is an example of checks
  and balances.

216
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY

• This is the belief that the ultimate power of the
  government rests on the will of the people
  themselves.

217
SEPARATION OF POWERS

• This is the policy that the law making,
  executive, and judicial powers be held by
  different groups and people.

218
DUE PROCESS

• This is a policy that the governments actions
  towards its citizens must follow established
  rules and procedures.

219
DIRECT DEMOCRACY

• This is a system of government in which the
  people participate directly in making all public
  policy.

220
REPUBLIC

• This is a form of government run by elected
  officials.

221
EXCLUSIVE POWERS

• These are powers that can only be executed by the
  federal government.

222
DELEGATED POWERS

• Powers specifically given to the government by
  the Constitution. They are also called the
  Enumerated Powers.

223
CONCURRENT POWERS

• Powers that are held by both the federal and
  state governments.

224
RESERVED POWERS

• These are powers that are held for the states to
  execute, not for the federal government.

225
ELASTIC CLAUSE

• This is a statement in the Constitution granting
  Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and
  proper for carrying out the enumerated list of
  powers.

226
POLICE POWERS

• These are powers of a government to promote
  safety, public health, and welfare of its
  citizens.

227
IMPLIED POWERS

• Powers that are not expressed but that the
  government may be inferred to have from another
  power.

228
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

• Legislative makes laws
• Executive carries out or executes the laws
• Judicial interprets what the law means

229
JURISDICTION

• This is the authority of a court to hear a case.

230
JUDICIAL REVIEW

• This is the power of a court to review a law or
  an official act of a government employee or agent
  for constitutionality or for the violation of
  basic principles of justice.

231
ELECTIONS

• Primary election-an election in which the
  political parties choose their candidates to run
  for office.
• General election-this is an election in which the
  people choose from among the candidates nominated
  by the various political parties.

232
RECALL

• This is the process the people use to remove an
  elected official from office.

233
POLL TAX

• This payment was meant to keep certain groups of
  people (mainly former slaves and
  African-Americans) from being allowed to vote.

234
LOBBYING

• These are actions of an interest group or agents
  to influence the policy of the government.

235
ALIEN

• This is a person who is not a citizen of the
  state or country in which they reside.

236
NATURALIZATION

• This is the process by which one becomes a
  citizen of a country if that person was not born
  in that country or their parents were not
  citizens of that country.

237
AMENDMENT PROCESS

• This is a method by which the Constitution may be
  changed or added to.
• 17th Direct Election of Senators
• 18th Prohibition of Alcohol
• 19th Womens Voting Rights

238
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
BILL OF RIGHTS

• FirstFreedom of speech, assembly, religion, the
  press and to petition the government
• SecondThe right to bear arms
• ThirdNo quartering of troops in homes except in
  time of war
• FourthNo search without a warrant
• FifthDue process and protection of property

• SixthTrial by jury
• SeventhJury trial in civil cases
• EighthNo cruel and unusual punishment
• NinthRights not specifically mentioned in the
  constitution should not be assumed not to exist
• TenthRights of the states

239
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION

• 11thSovereign immunity
• 12thElectoral college reform
• 13thSlavery abolished
• 14thEqual protection under law and due process
  of law
• 15thRight to vote shall not be abridged because
  of color or previous servitude

• 16thIncome Tax
• 17thElection of senators
• 18thProhibition
• 19thWomen's suffrage
• 20thTerms of office for president and Congress

240
Map and Globe Skills
241
GEOGRAPHY

• This is the study of the earth, the people on it,
  and the relationships between them

242
ABSOLUTE LOCATION

• This is the exact location of a place on the
  earths surface. It is given in terms of
  latitude and longitude.

243
GRID

• This is a pattern of regular sections identified
  by numbers and letters to help locate objects on
  a map.

244
LATITUDE or PARALLEL

• These are lines on a map that tell distance north
  or south of the Equator. They are horizontal on
  most maps and globes

245
EQUATOR

• This is zero degrees latitude and separates the
  Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

246
NORTH POLE

• This is 90 degrees North latitude.

247
LONGITUDE OR MERIDIAN

• These are lines on a map or globe that tell
  distance east or west of the prime meridian.

248
PRIME MERIDIAN

• This is zero degrees longitude.

249
HEMISPHERE

• This is one half of the earth.

250
GLOBE

• This is the most accurate model of the earth.

251
PROJECTION

• This is a technique of showing the round earth on
  a flat piece of paper.

252
PHYSICAL MAP

• This is a type of map that shows things like
  rivers, mountains, relief and elevation.

253
POLITICAL MAP

• This is a type of map which shows man-made
  features like cities and national boundaries.

254
POPULATION DENSITY MAP

• This is a type of map which shows the average
  number of people living in a certain area.

255
CONTOUR MAP

• This is a kind of map that uses lines connecting
  areas of equal elevation.

256
RELIEF

• This is the difference between the highest and
  lowest points of land in an area.

257
ELEVATION

• This is the height above or below elevation.

258
SEA LEVEL

• This is the base height used for measuring
  elevation.

259
CARDINAL DIRECTIONS/COMPASS ROSE

• This is North, South, East, and West.
• A compass rose is a map tool indicating the four
  cardinal directions

260
LEGEND

• This is the map tool that explains the meaning of
  the maps symbols.

261
SCALE

• This indicates the relationship between distance
  on a map and the actual distance on Earth.

262
CONTINENTS

• These are the seven large land masses on the
  Earth.

263
ISTHMUS

• This is a narrow strip of land connecting two
  larger masses of land.

264
ARCHIPELAGO

• This is a string of islands.

265
BAY

• This is a body of water partially enclosed by
  land but with a wide mouth, affording access to
  the sea.

266
GULF

• This is a large area of a sea or ocean partially
  enclosed by land, especially a long landlocked
  portion of sea opening through a strait.

267
CANAL

• This is an artificial waterway or artificially
  improved river used for travel, shipping or
  irrigation.

268
STRAIT

• This is a narrow channel joining two larger
  bodies of water.

269
CLIMATE

• These are the general weather conditions of an
  area over a long period of time.

270
TEMPERATE ZONE

• This is the part of the earth which lies between
  either tropic and the corresponding polar circle.

271
TROPICS

• This is either of two parallels of latitude on
  the earth, one is 23 ½ degrees north of the
  equator and the other is 23 ½ degrees south of
  the equator. They are called the Tropic of
  Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.

272
DESERT

• This is a dry, often sandy region of little
  rainfall, extreme temperatures, and sparse
  vegetation.

273
ARID

• This is a climate that has insufficient rainfall
  to support trees or woody plants.

274
DYNASTY

• This is a ruling family whose members govern one
  after another over a long period of time.

275
EMPIRE

• This is a group of countries under a single
  authority.

276
REGION

• This is an area with common characteristics on a
  globe or map.

277
TIME ZONES

• This is any of the 24 regions of the globe
  throughout which the same standard time is used.

278
Information Processing Skills

• This portion of the GHSGT will require you to
  perform the following skills
• IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA
• LOCATE INFORMATION
• DISTINGUISH BETWEEN FACT AND FICTION
• INTERPRET GRAPHIC AIDS
• COMPUTE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TIME ZONES
• DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
• ANALYZE VIEWPOINTS
• IDENTIFY CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
• Knowledge of the following terms will help you
  perform these skills.

279
VIRGINIA STATUTE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

• This was written by Thomas Jefferson in 1786. It
  guarantees the freedom of religion. Freedom of
  religion is one of the basic freedoms found in
  the 1st amendment to the Constitution.

280
KINGS LETTER FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL

• This was written in 1963 to defend the authors
  peaceful civil rights campaign. Remember that
  Dr. King was influenced by Gandhi.

281
ARTIFACT

• This is any object manufactured, used or modified
  by humans.

282
AUTHENTICITY

• This is the ability to ensure that the given
  information was in fact produced by the entity
  whose name it carries and that it was not forged
  or modified.

283
BIAS

• This is the interpretation of historical events
  with opinion.

284
CREDIBILITY

• This is the quality of being plausible,
  believable, dependable, or worthy of confidence.

285
DIARY

• This is a daily written record of (usually
  personal) experiences and observations.

286
FLOW CHART

• This is the graphical representation of a
  sequence of operations using symbols to represent
  the operations.

287
HISTORICAL DATA

• These are any items that provide information from
  past events.

288
JOURNAL

• This is a ledger in which transactions or events
  have been recorded as they occurred.

289
LETTER

• This is a written message addressed to a person
  or organization.

290
PARALLEL TIMELINES

• These are two or more timelines used to compare
  developments in different areas in the same time
  frame.

291
PRIMARY SOURCE

• These are original manuscripts, records, or
  documents produced at the time an event occurred.

292
SECONDARY SOURCE

• These are works that are not original manuscripts
  or contemporary records, but they do critique,
  comment on, or build upon primary sources.

293
TIMELINES

• This is a visualization of a sequence of events
  showing their chronological relationship.