THERE ARE 3 DOMAINS OF ORGANISMS

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THERE ARE 3 DOMAINS OF ORGANISMS

• BACTERIA
• ARCHAE
• EUKARYA

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ARCHAE

• SIMILAR TO BOTH BACTERIA AND EUKARYA

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COMPARISION TO BACTERIA

• PROKARYOTES
• HAVE A CELL WALL BUT NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN IN THEIR
  CELL WALL
• LIPID COMPONENTS
• RNA AND LIPIDS ARE DIFFERENT
• ARCHAE HAVE MORE COMPLEX RNA POLYMERASE

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ARCHAE COMPARISON TO EUKARYA

• THEY ARE IN DIFFERENT DOMAINS
• TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION MECHANISMS ARE
  SIMILAR
• ARCHAE ARE UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTES ARE MOSTLY
  MULTICELLULAR

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OTHER FEATURES OF ARCHAE

• THEY LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS WHERE OTHER
  ORGANISMS CANNOT SURVIVE
• THEY LIVE IN WATER

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LYME DISEASE

• CAUSED BY THE BACTERIA BORRELIA BURGDORFERI
• TRANSMITTED BY TICK BITES

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SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF LYME DISEASE

• FEVER, HEADACHE, FATIGUE AND A CHARACTERISTIC
  RASH
• CAN BE TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS

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DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION

• BASED ON RASH AND EXPOSURE TO INFECTED TICKS
• PREVENTION USE INSECT REPELLENT, REMOVE TICKS
  PROMPTLY

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COMPARISON TO ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER

• CAUSED BY RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII, A DIFFERENT
  BACTERIA
• ALSO SPREAD BY TICKS
• SUDDEN ONSET OF FEVER, HEADACHE, MUSCLE PAIN AND
  A RASH
• CAN BE FATAL WITHOUT PROMPT TREATMENT

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ANTHRAX

• CAUSED BY A BACTERIA
• BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
• THREE DIFFERENT FORMS OF ANTHRAX
• CUTANEOUS - SKIN
• INHALATION - INHALING SPORE
• GASTROINTESTINAL - EATING UNDERCOOKED MEAT OR
  HANDLING INFECTED ANIMALS WITH ANTHRAX SPORES

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CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX

• BACTERIUM ENTERS THROUGH A CUT OR AN ABRASION IN
  THE SKIN
• BEGINS AS A RAISED ITCHY BUMP
• RESEMBLES AN INSECT BITE
• DEVELOPS INTO A VESICLE AND THEN A PAINLESS ULCER
  - CHARACTERISTIC BLACK NECROTIC AREA IN THE
  CENTER
• LYMPH GLANDS MAY SWELL
• ABOUT 20 OF UNTREATED CASES OF CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX
  WILL RESULT IN DEATH.
• DEATH RARE WITH APPROPRIATE TREATMENT WITH
  ANTIBIOTICS

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INHALATIONAL ANTHRAX

• INITIAL SYMPTOMS RESEMBLE A COLD
• AFTER SEVERAL DAYS, THE SYMPTOMS MAY PROGESS TO
  SEVERE BREATHING PROBLEMS AND SHOCK
• INHALATION ANTHRAX IS USUALLY FATAL

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INTESTINAL ANTHRAX

• COMSUMPTION OF CONTAMINATED MEAT
• ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT
• INITIAL SYMPTOMS NAUSEA, LOSS OF APPETITE,
  VOMITING AND FEVER
• THEN - ABDOMINAL PAIN, VOMITING OF BLOOD AND
  SEVERE DIARRHEA
• DEATH IN 25-60 OF THE CASES

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GENERAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ANTHRAX

• ISOLATION OF B. ANTHRACIS FROM THE BLOOD, SKIN
  LESIONS OR RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS
• ANTIBIOTICS - MUST BE EARLY TO BE EFFECTIVE

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ANTHRAX AS A BIOLOGICAL WEAPON

• RELEASED INTO THE AIR
• SPREAD DELIBERATELY THROUGH THE POSTAL SYSTEM BY
  SENDING LETTERS WITH POWDER CONTAINING ANTHRAX

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WHAT IS A SPORE?

• A CELL THAT IS DORMANT OR ASLEEP BUT MAY COME TO
  LIFE WITH THE CORRECT CONDITIONS
• ANTHRAX CAN BE SPREAD WITH SPORES

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MALARIA

• PLASMODIUM - ARE DIFFERENT SUBTYPES
• THIS ORGANISM IS A PROTIST - A SIMPLE FORM OF A
  EUKARYOTE

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OTHER FACTS ABOUT PLASMODIUM

• THIS ORGANISM INFECTS HUMANS THROUGH THE BITE OF
  AN INFECTED ANOPHELES MOSQUITO
• IT IS A PARASITE - AN ORGANISM THAT LIVES OFF OF
  ANOTHER ORGANISM
• PLASMODIUM LIVE INSIDE OF HUMAN RED BLOOD CELLS

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MORE FACTS ABOUT PLASMODIUM

• THIS ORGANISM CAN EVADE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY
  CHANGING FORMS - IT HAS VARIOUS LIFE CYCLES
• SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA - RELAPSING CHILLS AND FEVER

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TRYPANOSOMES

• ARE PROTOZOA PROTISTS - EUKARYA
• THEY INFECT HUMANS THROUGH INSECTS THAT FEED UPON
  US
• SIMILAR TO PLASMODIUM - THEY ARE PARASITES THAT
  LIVE INSIDE THE BLOOD OF HUMANS

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TRYPANOSOMES

• THEY CAN ALSO EVADE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• THE EXTERIOR OF THE TRYPANOSOMES IS COVERED WITH
  VARIOUS PROTEINS VARIABLE SURFACE GLYCOPROTEINS
• THESE PROTEINS CAN BE ALTERED AND THEN THE
  ORGANISMS CAN EVADE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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c-Elegans (CAENORHABITIS ELEGANS)

• EUKARYOTES
• ONE OF MANY DIFFERENT WORMS
• MULTICELLULAR
• A GOOD MODEL TO USE IN RESEARCH LABS

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WHY IS IT USED IN RESEARCH?

• SMALL IN SIZE
• LIFESPAN IS SHORT
• EASY TO GROW
• THEY HAVE MANY CELLS

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MORE ON C-ELEGANS

• THIS WAS THE FIRST ORGANISM TO HAVE ITS DNA
  SEQUENCED
• IT CAN BE USED AS A COMPARISON WITH OTHER
  ORGANISMS
• THESE WORMS FEED ON BACTERIA AND ARE GROWN IN THE
  LAB ON BACTERIA

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SCHISTOSOMIASIS

• THIS DISEASE IS CAUSED BY SCHISTOSOMES - FLATWORM
• ARE EUKARYOTES
• ARE PARASITES - MUST LIVE INSIDE ANOTHER ORGANISM
  TO SURVIVE
• THESE ORGANISMS LIVE INSIDE OF HUMANS
• THE WORMS HAVE A COMPLEX LIFECYCLE
• SEE FIGURE 18.6B

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ARTHROPODS

• MILLIPEDES/CENTIPEDES
• CRUSTACEANS
• ARACHNIDS
• INSECTS

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ARTHROPODS

• SEGMENTED ANIMALS WITH EXOSKELETONS AND JOINTED
  APPENDAGES
• EXOSKELETON - CONSISTS OF LAYERS OF PROTEIN AND
  CHITIN - A POLYSACCHARIDE
• EXOSKELETON PROTECTS THE ANIMAL AND PROVIDES
  POINTS OF ATTACHMENT FOR THE MUSCLES THAT MOVE
  THE APPENDAGES
• PROCESS OF MOLTING - TO GROW, AN ARTHROPOD MUST
  PERIODICALLY SHED ITS OLD EXOSKELETON AND SECRETE
  A LARGER ONE

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INSECTS

• UNDERGO METAMORPHOSIS
• THE YOUNG AND ADULTS LOOK VERY DIFFERENT
• CATERPILLARS
• LARVAL STAGE - PUPAL STAGE - ADULT

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FISH

• VERTEBRATES - HAVE A BACKBONE AND A SKULL
• DIFFERENT FROM INVERTEBRATES
• NEED TO KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VERTEBRATES
  AND INVERTEBRATES
• GILLS - USED FOR BREATHING IN WATER
• FINS - USED FOR MOVEMENT

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AMPHIBIANS

• ARE EUKARYOTES AND VERTEBRATES
• THEY CAN LIVE ON LAND AND IN WATER

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LIFECYCLE OF THE FROG -PART IN LAND AND PART IN
WATER

• FROG EGGS LAID IN WATER
• TADPOLES SWIM IN WATER
• BREATH USING GILS
• TADPOLES WITH LEGS
• FROGLET - CAN BREATH WITH LUNGS BUT STILL HAS
  SOME OF ITS TAIL
• ADULT FROG

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FROGS ARE COLD-BLOODED

• THEIR BODY TEMPERATURE CHANGES WITH THE
  TEMPERATURE OF THE SURROUNDINGS

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REPTILES

• VERTEBRATES AND EUKARYOTES
• ARE ALSO COLD-BLOODED
• THEY CANNOT REGULATE THEIR OWN TEMPERATURE.
  THEIR BODY TEMPERATURE DEPENDS ON THE EXTERNAL
  TEMPERATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT THAT THEY ARE IN.
• EXAMPLES
• LIZARDS, SNAKES, TURTLES, CROCODILES AND
  ALLIGATORS

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REPTILES ARE MORE ADAPTED TO LIVING ON LAND THAN
AMPHIBIANS ARE

• THE SKIN IS COVERED WITH SCALES AND THE PROTEIN
  KERATIN - KEEPS THE BODY FROM DRYING OUT
• HAVE EGGS THAT ARE COVERED WITH A PARCHMENT LIKE
  SHELL THAT RETAINS WATER
• THE EMBRYO DEVELOPS INSIDE THE EGG IN A FLUID
  FILLED SAC AMNIOTIC EGG.

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OTHER REPTILE FACTS

• MOST GIVE BIRTH TO EGGS BUT SOME SNAKES AND
  LIZARDS GIVE BIRTH TO LIVE YOUNG

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BIRDS

• EUKARYOTES
• VERTEBRATES

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BIRDS EVOLVED FROM DINOSAURS

• SIMILARITIES TO REPTILES
• AMNIOTIC EGGS
• SCALES ON THEIR LEGS
• TOE NAILS CONTAINING KERATIN
• FEATHERS DERIVED FROM REPTILE SCALES

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UNIQUE FEATURES OF BIRDS

• WINGS
• FEATHERS
• NO TEETH
• BONES FUSED OR ABSENT
• EFFICIENT BREATHING SYSTEM

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• ECTOTHERMIC - ABSORB EXTERNAL HEAT RATHER THAN
  GENERATING THEIR OWN (REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS
  -FROGS) - COLD BLOODED
• ENDOTHERMIC - USING HEAT GENERATED BY METABOLISM
  TO MAINTAIN A CONSTANT BODY TEMPERATURE (BIRDS)

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NAME ONE ANIMAL THAT CAN FLY BUT IS NOT A BIRD
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BAT

• THE ONLY FLYING MAMMAL
• GIVE BIRTH TO LIVE YOUNG AND NOURISH THEM WITH
  MILK
• NOCTURNAL - MOST ACTIVE AT NIGHT AND SLEEP DURING
  THE DAY
• DURING WINTER, SOME BATS MIGRATE TO A WARMER AREA
  
• SOME BATS (BROWN BAT) - HIBERNATE DURING THE COLD
  WINTER, SLEEPING VERY DEEPLY UNTIL WARM WEATHER
  ARRIVES

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MAMMALS

• ENDOTHERMIC - HIGH RATE OF METABOLISM
• MOST MAMMALS BORN RATHER THAN HATCHED
• PLACENTA JOINS THE EMBRYO TO THE MOTHER
• HAIR AND MAMMARY GLANDS
• PRODUCE MILK TO NOURISH THE YOUNG