The Science of Microbiology Classification of Organisms

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The Science of MicrobiologyClassification of
Organisms

• Chapter 1
• Microbiology
• Liberty Senior High

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Two Main Forms of Cells

• All cells share certain characteristics
• They are all enclosed by a membrane
• They all use DNA as genetic information
• There are two main forms of cells
• Eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic

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• Prokaryotic cells
• Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
  found in eukaryotic cells.

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Prokaryotic Cells

• Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and
  membrane-bound organelles
• Unique flagella (flagellin), no cilia
• Bacteria and Archaea Domain
• Have DNA and cell membranes

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Bacterial Flagellum
Flagellin Protein
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Eukaryotic Cells

• Uni- and multicellular organisms with a nucleus
  and organelles
• Have a 9 2 arrangement of microtubules to make
  flagella or cilia
• Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
• Have DNA and cell membrane

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9 2 System of Eukaryotes

• All eukaryotes with cilia or flagella, build it
  the same way.

9 2 arrangement of microtubules
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• Classifying life

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• Lifes three domains

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The Three Domains of Life

• At the highest level, life is classified into
  three domains
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya
• Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea
• Consist of prokaryotes
• Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes
• Includes the various protist kingdoms (Protista)
  and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

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Bacteria Domain

• Unicellular, Prokaryotic
• Cell Wall- made of peptidoglycan
• Cell Membrane- unbranched fatty chains
• Sensitive to antibiotics (different kind of
  ribosome)
• Circular Chromosome
• Cannot tolerate extreme temperatures. (gt 100 C)

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Archaea Domain

• Unicellular, Prokaryotic
• Cell Wall- no peptidoglycan.
• Cell Membrane- branched fatty chains.
• Not sensitive to antibiotics (different kind of
  ribosome)
• Circular Chromosome
• Grow in extreme environ. (Extremophiles-
  thermophiles and halophiles)

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Eukarya Domain

• Uni- and multicellular, Eukaryotic
• Cell Wall- no peptidoglycan (cellulose or chitin)
• Cell Membrane- unbranched fatty chains.
• Not sensitive to antibiotics (different
  ribosomes)
• Linear Chromosomes
• Cannot grow in extreme temps. (gt 100 C)

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Bacteria Kingdom

• Unicellular, Prokaryote
• Peptidoglycan Cell Wall
• Nutrition- Autotroph and Heterotrophic
• Motility- may have bacterial flagella
• Asexual Reprod. And Conjugation
• No nervous system
• Examples E. coli, Salmonella, etc.

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Archaea Kingdom

• Unicellular, Prokaryote
• No peptidoglycan in cell wall, muramic acid
• Nutrition- Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
• Motility- Different Kind of Bacterial Flagella
• Asexual Reprod. And Conjugation
• No nervous system
• Examples Methanogens, halophiles, and
  thermophiles

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Protista Kingdom

• Mostly Uni- but some multicellular Eukaryotes
• Various Types of Cell Wall, no peptidoglycan
• Nutrition- Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
• Motility- (9 2) Cilia or flagella
• Meiosis and Fertilization
• Nervous system- primitive conduction of some
  stimuli (light, heat, etc.)
• Ex. Paramecia, Amoeba, Euglena

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Fungi Kingdom

• Mostly multi, some unicellular Eukaryotes
• Chitin Cell Wall
• Nutrition- Heterotrophic
• Nonmotile
• Meiosis and Fertilization
• No nervous system
• Ex. molds, mushrooms, mildew

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Animalia Kingdom

• Multicellular, Eukaryote
• No cell wall
• Nutrition- Heterotrophic
• Motility- (9 2) Cilia or flagella
• Meiosis and Fertilization
• Primitive and complex nervous systems
• Ex. worms, fish, birds, YOU!

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Plantae Kingdom

• Multicellular Eukaryote
• Cell Wall Cellulose
• Nutrition Autotroph
• Most cells are nonmotile, but some make
  reproductive cells that have (9 2) flagella
• Meiosis and Fertilization
• No nervous system
• Meiosis and Fertilization
• Ex. Trees, shrubs, Venus Fly Trap!

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How Do We Group Microorganisms?

• Into Four Kingdoms
• Protista- protists and algae (many Kingdoms)
• Fungi- yeast and other fungi
• Eubacteria- true bacteria (many Kingdoms)
• Archaebacteria- ancient bacteria (many
  Kingdoms)
• In its own Group
• Viruses

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Show me the ancient bacteria- Kingdom
Archaebacteria.

• Video Intimate Strangers- The Tree of Life.

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Question of the Day!

• Who was the first microbiologist?

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Holy Moses!

• Instructed people to bury feces and other wastes.
• Bible also refers to isolating lepers.
  (Deuteronomy, Ch. 13)

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Hippocrates

• Greek physician in 400 B.C. who established
  medical ethics.
• Linked symptoms to certain diseases.
• Realized diseases could be transmitted by
  clothing.

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Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

• 542-1600s, spread into Europe by caravan and sea
  trading routes.
• Carried by fleas on ship rats.

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Xenopsylla cheopis
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Show me more of the Black Death!

• Video Secrets of the Dead- The Mystery of the
  Black Death

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Bubonic and Septicemic Plague
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The First Case of Biological Weapons? Caffa
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Flagellism and Anti-Semitism
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Robert Hooke

• In 17th Century, built the first microscope.
• Used the term cell to describe what he
  saw--after the small rooms of monks.

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Hand-drawn images from Micrographia, published in
1665, Robert Hooke
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Hookes First Microscope
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Anton von Leewenhoek
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Leewenhoek

• From 1632-1723, he designed microscopes.
• Described animalcules
• Never sold his microscopes, microbiology didnt
  advance for 100 yrs.

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Schleiden and Schwann

• Formulated the Cell Theory- that cells are the
  fundamental units of all life.

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Germ Theory

• Mid-19th Century Microorganisms can invade other
  organisms and cause disease.

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Spontaneous Generation

• Belief that life arose from nonliving things, a
  vital force found in the air.
• Ex Broth turning cloudy happened spontaneously
  from nonliving material.
• Ex Rags? rats
• Meat ? maggots.

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Francesco Redi, 1626-1697

• 1668, first controlled, experiment to disprove
  spontaneous generation. Rotten meat experiment
  refutes abiogenesis.

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Francesco Redi

• Disproved spontaneous generation with the fly and
  rotting meat experiment.

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John Needham, 1713-1781

• First Catholic clergyman to become a member of
  the Royal Society of London.
• 1754, boiled chicken broth and put it into a
  flask and sealed it. Saw growth.

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Needham and Vital Atoms

• Needham and Georges Comte de Buffon proposed
  vital atoms cause life.
• They could be seen in pond water and infusions.
• Vital atoms escape dying organic material and
  move into the soil or water to be taken up the
  the plants.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani, 1729-1799

• Italian priest who suggested that the microbes
  entered the broth from the air after boiling.
• In 1765, he describes another experiment to test
  if microbes appear spontaneously.

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Needham and others vitalists reply

• Argue the experiment only proves that spontaneous
  generation requires air.
• Need the vital force.
• Even Spallanzani agrees in some cases-
  regeneration and other cases of microbes.

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Salamander Limb Regeneration

Retrieved from http//darwin.bio.uci.edu/mrjc/,
September 28, 2004
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What Spallanzani Might Have Seen!
Retrieved from http//darwin.bio.uci.edu/mrjc/,
September 28, 2004
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Louis Pasteur
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Pasteur and Tyndall

• In the mid-1800s, disproved spontaneous
  generation using experiments with swan-necked
  flasks--allowed the air with the vital force to
  enter.

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Pasteurs Swan-necked Flask Experiment
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Pasteur and the Swan-Necked Flask
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Louis Pasteur

• From 1822-1895
• Developed pasteurization technique of heating
  wine to kill other microorganisms without killing
  yeast.
• Developed first rabies vaccine- from rabbit
  spinal cord

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Robert Koch
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Robert Koch

• Developed techniques for isolating bacteria and
  growing in vitro (out of the body)
• Developed different medias for growing cultures.

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Kochs Postulates
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.
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Kochs Postulates

• 1.) The specific pathogen (disease-causing)
  organism must be found in all cases of the
  disease.
• 2.) The pathogen must be isolated.

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Kochs Postulates

• 3.) Must inoculate a healthy animal with the
  pathogen and cause the disease.
• 4.) Must recover the same pathogen from the
  inoculated animal.

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Still use Kochs Postulates Today!

• The Story of Lyme Disease-Borrelia burgdorferi
• Video Parasites-The Body Snatchers, 96

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Ignaz Semmelweis-The Father of Sanitary Practices
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Ignaz Semmelweis

• 1800s, Autopsy to child birth puerperal
  (childbed) fever.
• Encouraged sanitary practices by physicians.
• Ridiculed, had a nervous breakdown, asylum and
  died of an infection.

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Joseph Lister

• Developed aseptic technique for surgeons
• Used carbolic acid to sterilize instruments.

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The First Vaccines Came Out of an Epidemic!

• The Story of Smallpox
• Video Plagues The Smallpox Curse, 36

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Smallpox Skin Lesions
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How Do We Protect Ourselves? Immunology

• Ancient Chinese- inhaled ground smallpox
  scabs--develop a mild case of smallpox but
  survive later exposure.

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Smallpox and Edward Jenner

• In late 1100s, smallpox had been carried back to
  Europe with the Crusaders from the Near East.
• Late 1700s, Jenner realized milkmaids with
  cowpox did not get smallpox.
• First tested vaccine (vacca means cow) against
  smallpox.

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Sarah Nelmes- Cow Pox Lesion and James Phipps
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Edward Jenner- Ethics are Relative?
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Eli Metchnikoff

• In the 1880s, discovered that the human body has
  cells which can ingest microbes.
• Called them phagocytes or cell-eating.

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Virology and Beijerinck

• Called microbes that could pass through filters
  viruses.
• Established that they needed host cells for their
  own replication.

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Viruses and Cancer

• Rous discovered that certain viruses can cause
  cancer.
• Won the Nobel Prize in 1966. Human Papilloma
• Virus- warts and
• cervical cancer.

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Viruses and Cancer

• Human Hepatitis B virus
• Can cause liver cancer.