Classification of Living Organisms

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Classification of Living Organisms

• Why do we want to do this?

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Carolus Linnaeus

• Swedish
• System of naming organisms 2 kingdoms
  originally
• Binomial nomenclature
• 2 name naming system
• Changed to 5 kingdoms, then 3 Domains

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How to write a scientific name

• 1 Capitalize 1st word (genus)
• 2 Lower case for 2nd word (species)
• 3 Underline or italicize
• Examples
• Homo sapiens
• Pan troglodytes
• Next time genus can be abbreviated to 1st letter
  H. sapiens

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3 Domain Naming system

• Domain - Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
• Kingdom - Used to be
• Monera (Bacteria)
• Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

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Pneumonic Device

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Dumb
• King
• Phillip
• Came
• Over
• For
• Great
• Sex

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Example 1

• Domain - Eukarya
• Kingdom - Animalia
• Phylum - Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Cetacea
• Family Delphinidae
• Genus Orcinus
• Species orca

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Example - Humans

• Domain - Eukarya
• Kingdom - Animalia
• Phylum - Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primata
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species sapiens

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New vs Old
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3 Domains
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5 Kingdoms
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Characteristics of 5 Kingdoms

• Monera (Bacteria) -Single celled
• Prokaryotic Binary Fission (reproduction)
• Protista -Eukaryotic Single or Multicelled
• Producers, consumers or decomposers
• Fungi -Multicellular (usually) Eukarytotic
  decomposer
• Plantae -Multicellular Eukarytotic producer
• Animalia -Multicellular Eukarytotic consumer

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How we are all related
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Domain Archaea

• Unicellular
• Prokaryotes
• Lacks peptidoglycan in cell wall (Gram -)
• Extreme living probably poor competitors
• Thermophiles heat loving (Deep sea Thermal
  vents)
• Halophiles salt loving (Dead sea, Great Salt
  Lake)
• Methanogens produce methane
• Sulfur producing

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Domain Bacteria

• Unicellular
• Prokaryotes
• Has peptidoglycan in cell wall (Gram )
• Can be colonial or filamentous
• Blue green (algae) Cyanobacteria
• Chemoautotrophs (probably first cells ever)
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria

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Domain Eukarya

• Kingdom Protista
• Single or Multicelled
• Eukaryotic
• Fungus-like (decomposers) end in mycota
• Slime molds and water molds
• Animal-like (consumers) move by
• Cilia Flagella or Pseudopodia
• Plant-like photosynthetic (producers)
• Diatoms Dinoflagellates or Algae-
• Red Green Brown or
  (Golden)

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Domain Eukarya

• Kingdom Fungi
• Multicelled (usually)
• Eukaryotic
• Nucleus and Cell wall - chitin
• Decomposer
• Zygomycota molds
• Ascomycota Sac fungi (Mushrooms, puffballs,
  shelf fungi, rust)
• Basidiomycota Club fungus , morels, truffles,
  yeast (most found in kitchen)

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Domain Eukarya

• Kingdom Plantae
• Multicelled
• Eukaryotic
• Nucleus and Cell wall - cellulose
• Producer - photoautotroph
• Bryophytes (Moss, liverwort, hornwort)
• Pteridophytes (Club moss, horsetail, fern)
• Gymnosperms (Ginkgo, cycad, gnetophyte, conifer)
• Angiosperm (Dicot, Monocot)

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Alternation of generations
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Bryophytes

• Live on land
• No vascular tissue
• Need water to reproduce (swimming sperm, just
  like us)
• Gametophyte generation dominant, sporophyte
  dependent
• Moss
• Liverwort
• Hornwort

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Gametophyte generation dominant
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Pteridophytes

• Live on land
• Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
• Reproduce with spores
• Sori - spore producing structure (on ferns)
• Sporophyte dominant,
• gametophyte independent
• Club moss
• Horsetail
• Fern

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Gymnosperms

• Live on land
• Vascular tissue
• Seeds in cones
• Sporophyte dominant,
• gametophyte dependent
• Cycad
• Ginkgo
• Gnetophyte
• Conifers (pine, spruce, fir, redwood, sequoia)

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Angiosperms

• Most live on land (some freshwater, 7 marine)
• Vascular tissue
• Flowers
• Sporophyte dominant,
• gametophyte dependent
• Dicots (shrubs, oak, maple trees)
• Monocots (grasses, palm trees)

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Dicot

• Two cotyledons in seed
• Branching veins in leaves
• Flower petals 4 or 5 (or multiples)
• Vascular tissue in bundles in ring
• Tap root
• Oak, Maple, aspen trees
• Shrubs
• Most ornamental flowers

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Monocot

• Single cotyledon in seed
• Parallel veins in leaf
• Flower petals 3 (or multiples)
• Vascular tissue in scattered bundles
• Fibrous root ball
• Grasses
• Palms
• Lily, orchid, iris