Chapter 18 The Classification of Organisms

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Chapter 18 The Classification of Organisms

• Organizing and classifying living things

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Taxonomy

• 1. Species a group of individuals capable of
  interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
• 2. a science that involves the naming and
  classifying of living organisms
• .

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Binomial Nomenclature

• Developed by Carlos Linnaeus
• Two Word system for naming organisms
• Universal!

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Scientific Name
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• A. genus-similar species
• B. species-basic biological unit
• C. Genus capitalized, species lower case
• Example Homo sapien

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Advantages

• A. many common names- eliminates confusion.
• B. every species has its own scientific name.
• What animal is this ?
• puma
• Mountain lion
• Cougar
• Panther
• Felis concolor

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Eliminates Confusion!
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Classifying Species into Large Groups

• 1. Taxa (taxon)- a group or level of organization
  to which an organisms are classified.
• Classification System based on shared
  characteristics

• Kingdom- group of phylum

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Whats in a Kingdom

• B. phylum- a set of classes
• C. class- a set of orders
• D. order- a group of families
• E. family- a group of genuses
• F. genus
• G. species

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Make up a saying!

• King kingdom
• Phil phylum
• Came Class
• Over order
• For family
• Good genus
• Spaghetti species

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Hybrids
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Coy-dogs? No Coy-Wolf
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• Western Coyote- moved east.
• Great Lakes Wolf population- almost hunted to
  extinction
• The two population interbreed to create the
  Eastern Coyote
• Not afraid of humans
• Hang out in family units

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Review Questions

• 1. What is the science of naming and classifying
  organisms called?
• 2. What is binomial nomenclature?
• 3. How are scientific names written?
• 4. What are the advantages of using scientific
  names vs. common names?
• 5. What is the order in which organisms are
  classified? Start with kingdom,

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18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification

• Phylogeny- the evolutionary history of lineages.
• Common Ancestor -members are placed in taxa based
  on relatedness.
• Clade- a group of species that includes a single
  common ancestor and all descendants of that
  ancestor.

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What is a Cladogram?

• Cladograms- links groups of organisms by showing
  how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched
  from a common ancestor.

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Derived Characteristics

• 1. a trait that arose in the most recent common
  ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed a
  long to its descendants.
• 2. Which are derived characteristics of a coyotes
  and lions?
• 4 limbs
• Hair
• Specialized teeth
• Retractable claws

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Reading Cladograms

• This cladogram shows a simplified phylogeny of
  the cat family.

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DNA in Classification

• DNA comparisons help make evolutionary trees more
  accurate.
• For Example
• African Vulture
• American Vulture
• Storks

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18.3 Building the Tree of Life
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The Tree of All Life
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DOMAIN the largest of the classification
categories

• THERE ARE 3 DOMAINS
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya
• The differences between these Domains are based
  upon cell type prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic

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Domain Bacteria

• 1. Prokaryotic
• 2. Unicellular
• 3.No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
• 4. Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan

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Domain Archaea

• Are prokaryotic
• Are unicellular
• Look like bacteria but have a different type of
  cell wall and cell membrane
• They can live in extreme environments

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Domain Eukarya

• All organisms that have a nucleus.
• Kingdoms
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantea
• Animalia

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Kingdom Protista in the Domain Eukarya

• 1. Eukaryotic
• 2. Unicellular
• 3. Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
• 4.Protozoa-animal-like protists
• 5. Some photosynthetic (red, green, brown and
  multicellular algea in protista.

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Kelp forestbrown algae
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Kingdom Fungi in the Domain Eukarya

• A. Eukaryotic
• B. molds, yeasts, and mushrooms.
• C. Parasites and decomposers
• D. both unicellular and multicellular
• E. have enzymes and digest materials outside then
  absorb it.
• Cell wall-composed of
• chitin

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Kingdom Plantae- in the Domain Eukarya

• A. Eukaryotic
• B. Cell wall-composed of cellulose
• C. Multicellular
• D. tissue and organ specialization
• E. lack movement
• F. Photosynthetic- have chloroplasts can make
  their own food

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Kingdom Animalia- in the Domain Eukarya

• A. Eukaryotic
• B. All multicellular
• C. more organisms in this kingdom than any other.
• Levels of organization are present
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ system

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Animals continued

• E. Heterotrophs-have to eat food
• Invertebrates- no backbone(insects, worms,
  Mr.Via)
• Vertebrates-have backbones(fish, snakes, and
  humans.)
• Sexual reproduction is more common.