Napoleon Bonaparte

1
Lecture 55
2
Napoleon Bonaparte

• (1769-1821)
• Emperor of the French
• One of the greatest military commanders of all
  time
• When he was 9 he was enrolled at Brienne Military
  Academy in France.
• Bonaparte was promoted to brigadier general at
  the age of 24
• Worked 18 hour days

3

• After early military failure in Egypt he returned
  to Paris and joined a revolutionary movement.
• In November 9-10, 1799 his coup seized power.
• He was given almost dictatorial powers
• Napoleon conquered or had peace agreements with
  all of Europe. He was only at war with Great
  Britain.
• Came up with the idea of medals.
• Britains Navy kept them safe.
• 1812- Napoleon decided to invade Russia.
• Was defeated due to the harsh conditions.
• All of Europe united against him
• He fought brilliantly but he faced impossible
  odds.
• Exiled to Elba
• Island off the coast of Italy

4

• Napoleon escaped in February 1815 for the Hundred
  Days campaign.
• Reached France, and marched on Paris
• winning over the troops sent to capture him.
• Veterans of his old campaigns flocked to his
  support.
• Napoleon wanted peace, but the other nations
  didnt so he struck first.
• He was defeated at the battle Waterloo.
• The Battlefield was wet so Napoleon hesitated.
• Reinforcements later arrived
• Napoleon then decided to attack
• Sent to the remote island prison of Helena where
  he spent the rest of his life.
• He never gave up!!! Even when he was kicked down
  he still persisted until the day he died.

5

• "Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a
  mistake."- Napoleon Bonaparte
• It is better to have a known enemy than a forced
  ally"- Napoleon Bonaparte, 1848
• "There are but two powers in the world, the sword
  and the mind. In the long run the sword is always
  beaten by the mind."- Napoleon Bonaparte
• "Read over and over again the campaigns of
  Alexander, Hannibal, Caesar, Gustavus, Turenne,
  Eugene and Frederic. ... This is the only way to
  become a great general and master the secrets of
  the art of war. ..."-Napoleon Bonaparte,
  "Military Maxims of Napoleon"
• A soldier will fight long and hard for a bit of
  colored ribbon. -Napoleon Bonaparte

6
Homework due next classRead pages 712 to 716do
problems 1-7 page 716
7
Chemistry Oral Reports

• Due on May 11th or 12th depending on letter or
  number day
• Between 3 and 4 minutes long
• Graded on your ability to explain the chemistry
  Deep Neat and Complete
• Must be PowerPoint, Boards models
• If you are too long or too short then points off
• I will give out assignments

8
1) How does a fluorescent light work?2) How does
a plant convert light into stored carbon?3) What
happens when wood burns?4) Why does ice expand
on freezing?5) What is electricity and how does
a generator work?6) Why does red paper look red?
These numbers correlate with your exam view
numbers
9
7) How does a nuclear power plant work?8) How
does a microwave work?9) How does rubber
stretch?10) How does chlorine bleach clean
clothes?11) How do snowshoes work?12) What is
bioluminescence and how does it work?13) How
does a hot air balloon work?14) How does Elmers
glue work?15) What is the thread of a spiders
web made of and how?16) What is hemoglobin and
how does it work?
10
17) How does a bug walk on water?18) How does a
solar cell work?19) What is heat-treating of
metal?20) How do the heat tiles on the space
shuttle work?21) How can chromatography solve
crime?22) How does a piezoelectric lighter
work? 23) How does an ionizing air cleaner
work?
11
We have studied acids and basesgivers and
takersWe have studied nuclear unstable
isotopes and elementscorpulent nucleuses spewing
a ß ? radiation
12
Compounds that are made of primarily hydrogen an
carbon are called hydrocarbons
Now we will discuss a class of compounds that are
, to a large degree, created by living
things Organic compounds
13
These hydrocarbons are most often the product of
living processes and have are formed from
Hydrogen and carbon.
14
The special properties of hydrocarbons are
dependent on 1) their size, 2)their functional
groups, 3) their saturation level
Alcohol OH
15
Small hydrocarbons like CH4C2H6 and C3H8 are
typically gases

• C6H14 through C13H32 are liquids
• Over C13H32 are typically solid

16
The functional group is also critical to the
properties of the hydrocarbon
Alcohol OH
Carboxyl group COOH
17
Hydrocarbons are either saturated or unsaturated
hydrocarbons

• Saturated means all the hydrogens that can fit on
  a carbon are on the carbon
• (single bonds)
• Unsaturated means that there are double bonds so
  there are potentially room for more elements on
  the carbon (double and triple
  bonds)

18
Saturated hydrocarbon
These are unsaturated hydrocarbons
19
The hydrocarbons undergo basically two main types
of chemical reactions
Substitution reactions and Addition reactions
20
Substitution Reaction

• This can take place until all 4 of the Hydrogens
  are replaced

21
Addition reaction is the process where
unsaturated hydrocarbons (vegetable oil) have
their unfilled carbon areas filled
Here you see how Hydrogen is added to the open
double bonds in a process called hydrogenation
22
Inexpensive vegetable oils that are unsaturated
are typically liquid. To Make butter and
cooking fats unsaturated fats are made solid
through hydrogenation

• They are not totally hydrogenated or the butter
  will be too hard.. They are partially
  hydrogenated so there is a double bond every once
  in a while yielding a Trans Fat

23
Trans fats have been implicated in diabetes and
heart disease
24
(No Transcript)
25
The presence of single bonds double
bonds triple bondsis soooo important they have
different names
A E Y Their alphabetical 123 bonds
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
26
Individual hydrocarbon parts also come together
in the addition process
27
The linkage of individual compounds starts by the
combination of one part with another part
Parts that come together have special names
28
Mer
Means part

• Monomer

One part
Dimer
Two parts
Polymer
Many parts
29
Adding a monomer
ethylene
30
polymer
Polyethylene
Notice how the double bond is broken and a chain
is formed. That is why most of your monomers are
an Alkene
31
When you get enough of these monomers together
you get a glob called
plastic
32
Plastics are either synthetic or natural
33
Natural Rubber
polyterpene
34
Polyethylene Polystyrene Polycarbonate Polyurethan
e Polyester Polysaccharide Polyvinyl chloride
35
Could we tell how The paper Airplane fly's by
looking at Its structure?? Could we do this with
plastics?
36
Types of Polymers
Straight line polymers Cross linked
polymers Branched polymers
37
linear polymers

• Straight line polymers
• high density
• polymers
• Dense
• flow easily

HDPE
38
Branched polymers
Low density
LDPE
39
Cross linked polymer
CLPE
40
Copolymer is when there are only two mers
41
Addition of sulfur
42
Charles Goodyear
Latex from trees
43
crosslinked
44
Linear are thermoplastic (soften when heated)
Cross linked are thermosetting (harden when
heated)
45
Which will drip when heated?
Linear and branched
burn test
Which will not?
cross linked
46
At room temperature

• which is most dense
• which is most flexible
• which is the strongest

• HDPE

• LDPE

• CLPE

47
(No Transcript)
48
Superabsorbant polymers

• Where are they used in industry
• Diapers
• Getting water out of gas lines for jets
• Planting seeds
• Rice in salt shaker

49
Plastics recycling system
50
Is it difficult to make plastics?
Elmer's glue and borax Polyvinyl acetate Na2B4O7
milk and Vinegar experment
51
Monomer of vinyl alcohol
52
Polymer of vinyl alcohol

• Thousands of monomers long

53
Cross linking of polymers with Borate
54
Cross linked Polyvinyl Alcohol
55
Living systems depend on sugarC6H12O6
But it is hard to store sugar as single molecules
so it is made into a polymer by the body
56
The polymer of sugar is called a disaccharide
This is called a condensation reaction
(dehydration reaction) because two molecules are
joining due to the condensation of water
57
Or if many sugars come together then it is a
polysaccharide
58
When the body wants to use the sugar monomers one
at a time then the sugars are broken off one at a
time byway of a hydrolysis reaction