Napoleon Forges an Empire

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Napoleon Forges an Empire

• 1799 - 1815

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Learning Target

• Explain how Napoleon built and lost an empire.

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Napoleon Why he is important!

• He was a short man only 5 3 tall.
• He was one of the worlds greatest military
  geniuses.
• In four years from 1795-1799, Napoleon rose from
  obscurity to become the master of France.

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Napoleon Bonaparte Biography

• Napoleon was born in 1769 on the Mediterranean
  Island of Corsica (Italian island annexed by
  France) .
• In 1785, at the age of 16, he was made a
  lieutenant in the French army in charge of
  artillery.
• In October of 1795, when royalists marched on the
  National Convention, Napoleon and his gunners
  greeted the thousands of royalists with a
  cannonade.
• The attackers fled in panic, and Napoleon became
  a hero.

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Napoleon Bonaparte Biography

• By the age of 25 Napoleon was made a brigadier
  general by the Committee of Public Safety.
• He led armies against the Kingdom of Austria
  winning major victories using speed deception and
  surprise.
• Expanded Frances Empire by thousands of miles
• He returned to France in 1797 as even a bigger
  hero.

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Napoleon Failure in Egypt

• Napoleon took over an army training to invade
  England.
• Knowing that the French were not ready to take on
  England, Napoleon convinced the Directory to
  attack Egypt instead.
• Napoleon failed to take Egypt in an attempt to
  prevent British trade with India.
• Napoleon abandoned his army and returned home to
  France.

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Napoleons Coup d État of the Directory

• In 1799, the Directory had lost control of the
  political situation and the confidence of the
  French people.
• Napoleon plotted with members of the Directory
  and the Council of 500 while his wife Josephine
  met with wealthy influential backers.
• The Coup occurred on November 9, 1799 when
  Napoleon was put in charge of the military and
  ended the next day when he drove out members of
  the Council of Elders.
• The legislature voted to end the Directory and
  placed in charge of France was a Consul of thee
  persons, one of which was Napoleon. Napoleon was
  only 30.

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Napoleon as First Consul

• The plebiscite (a vote by which the people of an
  entire country or district express an opinion for
  or against a proposal especially on a choice of
  government or ruler ) of 1800 gives Napoleon the
  mandate to play a role for which he is well
  suited both in character and in terms of his
  18th-century education - that of the enlightened
  despot
• Napoleon as First Consul controlled the entire
  government.
• He appointed members of the bureaucracy,
  controlled the army, conducted foreign affairs,
  and influenced the legislature.
• France was still a Republic
• 1802 Napoleon was made Consul for life!

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Napoleon as Emperor

• In 1804, Napoleon decided to make himself emperor
  and the French voters supported him.
• On December 2, 1804 Napoleon was to be crowned in
  Notre Dame Cathedral by the Pope.
• Napoleon, however took the crown from the Pope
  and placed it on his own head. Demonstrating that
  he was above the church in many ways.

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Napoleons Domestic Policy
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Napoleon Concordat with the Roman Catholic
Church

• Napoleon made peace with the Church to restore
  stability to France.
• He himself was an Enlightenment believer in
  reason, and believed religion was a political
  matter.
• Bonaparte approved of religion in its role of
  preserving an orderly society.
• In 1801 Napoleon made an agreement with the Pope
  that recognized Catholicism as the religion of
  most of France.
• The pope gave up asking for the return of church
  lands.

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The Napoleonic Code, or Code Civil, entered into
force on March 21, 1804. Even though the
Napoleonic code was not the first legal code to
be established in a European country it is
considered the first successful codification and
strongly influenced the law of other
countries. The Napoleonic Code, formally said,
dealt only with civil law issues, such as
filiation and property It also did not deal with
how laws and regulations were to be passed
which is reserved for a constitution. The Code,
with its stress on clearly written and accessible
law, was a major step in establishing the rule of
law.
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Napoleons Civil CodeNapoleonic Code

• The Napoleonic Code recognized
• Equality before the law
• The right to choose a profession
• Religious toleration
• The end of serfdom and feudalism
• Outlawed unions and strikes
• Safeguarded all property rights.
• Government employment based upon ability.

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Napoleonic Code

• The Code had several key concepts at its core
• Equality of all in the eyes of the law
• No recognition of privileges of birth (i.e. noble
  rights inherited from ancestors.)
• Freedom of religion
• Separation of the church and the state
• Freedom to work in an occupation of one's choice

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Napoleonic Code

• 6. Strengthening the family by
• Placing emphasis on the husband and father as the
  head of the family
• Restricting grounds for divorce to three reasons
  adultery, conviction of a serious crime, and
  grave insults, excesses or cruelty however
  divorce could be granted by mutual agreement, as
  long as the grounds were kept private.
• Defining who could inherit the family property

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Napoleonic Codes Accomplishments

• The Code in effect did several things
• It preserved the social aims of the Revolution.
• It protected the interests of the rising middle
  class.
• It guaranteed civil liberties.

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Napoleonic Code Weaknesses

1. A woman could not vote.
2. A wife owed obedience to her husband, who had
   total control over their property.
3. A unmarried woman had few rights and could not be
   a legal guardian or witness wills.
4. It was easier for a man to sue for divorce on
   grounds of adultery, while a man had to cohabit
   with his mistress for two years for his wife to
   justify a divorce.

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Napoleonic Code Weaknesses

1. If a man surprised his wife in bed with another
   man, he could kill her legally. If a woman did
   so, she could be tried for murder.
2. Minors had few rights. (A father even could place
   his child in jail for up to six months.)
3. Illegitimate children had no rights of
   inheritance.

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Napoleon Brings Order After the RevolutionThe
Economy!!!
Goals of the Revolution Equal taxation Lower inflation
Napoleons Actions Set up fairer tax code Set up national bank Stabilized currency Gave state loans to businesses
Results Equal taxation Stable economy
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Napoleon Brings Order After the
RevolutionGovernment Society
Goals of the Revolution Less Government Corruption Equal Opportunity in Government
Napoleons Actions Appointed officials by merit Fired corrupt officials Created lycées Government Run Public Schools Created Code of Law
Results Honest Competent Officials Equal opportunity in government Public education
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Napoleon Brings Order After the Revolution
Religion
Goals of the Revolution Less powerful Catholic Church Religious tolerance
Napoleons Actions Recognized Catholicism as faith of Frenchmen Signed concordat with the Pope Retained seized church lands
Results Religious tolerance Government control of church lands Government recognition of church influence,
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Conclusion Napoleons Domestic Policy

• In his domestic policy Napoleon was the preserver
  of much of the revolutionary spirit of France.
• On the other hand liberty was replaced by
  despotism.
• Napoleon shut down 60 of Frances 73 newspapers.
• Mail was opened by government police.
• All manuscripts must be inspected before they are
  printed.

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Napoleons Empire
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Building the Empire

• When Napoleon was made first consul France was at
  war with Austria, Great Britain and Russia.
• Napoleon needed peace to settle the present
  French government, and to save the world from
  chaos.
• Napoleon achieved a peace treaty in 1802.

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Napoleon hoped to expand his empire in Europe and
the New World. In 1803, Bonaparte faced a major
setback when an army he sent to re-conquer Haiti
and establish a base was destroyed by a
combination of yellow fever and fierce
resistance. Recognizing that the French
possessions on the mainland of North America
would now be indefensible, and facing imminent
war with Britain, he sold them to the United
States the Louisiana Purchasefor less than
three cents per acre. The dispute over Malta
provided the pretext for Britain to declare war
on France in 1803 to support French royalists.
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Building an Empire War Against the Third
Coalition

• In 1803 war resumed with Great Britain who was
  later joined by Austria, Russia and Prussia.
• Napoleons Grand Army defeated the Austrian,
  Russian, and Prussian armies in three successive
  battles Ulm, Austerlitz and Jena (1805-07)
• He used these victories to create a new European
  order.

http//www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/microsites
/line_of_fire/
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The New European Order

• Napoleons Grand Empire was composed of three
  elements.
• Enlarged France reaching to the Rhine
• Dependent States
• Allied States

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Napoleonic Empire
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Spreading the Principles of the Revolution

• Legal Equality
• Religious toleration
• Economic freedom
• Quote on page 348
• In the inner and dependent states Napoleon tried
  to destroy the old order.
• The clergy and the nobility lost their
  privileges.
• Equal opportunity for all

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Two Major Reasons why Napoleons Empire Collapsed.

• Survival of Great Britain
• Sea power as long as they controlled the waves
  they were invulnerable to attacks
• At the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, British
  defeat of the French-Spanish fleet, destroyed any
  attempt to invade Britain.

• Force of nationalism
• A unique cultural identity of a people based on
  common language, religion, and national symbols.
• The Spirit of Nationalism in France was great for
  Napoleons empire, but he did not realize the
  spread of liberalism beyond France indirectly
  spread nationalism as well.

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The Battle of Trafalgar in 1804 was a humiliating
defeat for France
The defeat prevented any possibility of an
invasion of England for Napoleon.
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Force of Nationalism

• The French aroused nationalism in two ways.
• First, they were hated as oppressors. This hatred
  stirred the patriotism in other countries.
• Second, France demonstrated to the people of
  Europe what a nation in arms could accomplish.

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The End of Napoleon

• Russian Winters and Waterloo

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The Continental System

• Since Napoleon could not defeat the British navy
  he turned towards economic warfare.
• He planned to cut off all British trade with the
  European continent.
• Despite initial drops in exports and domestic
  unrest the British economy survives.
• Continental System hurts European nations
  however.
• Napoleon ignores the advice to turn Europe into a
  free trade zone, and French tariffs make people
  angry.

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Why did Napoleon invade Russia in spite of the
risks of invading a large country?

• In 1807 the Czar of Russia had agreed not to
  trade with Britain, but due to poor economic
  conditions he continued the trade in timber.
• The Russians refused to remain in the Continental
  System leaving Napoleon with little choice but to
  invade Russia.

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What did the Russians do that prevented Napoleon
from achieving a quick victory?

• Napoleon desired to achieve a quick victory over
  the Russians in Lithuania.
• He formed an army of 600,000 men to invade
  Russia. It was the largest army Europe had ever
  seen but within six months 9 out of 10 were dead.
• The Russian army contained 200,000 men.

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How did the Russian army deprive Napoleon of the
food supplies they needed?

• The Russians refused to give battle and simply
  retreated.
• As they retreated they burned their own villages
  and countryside to prevent Napoleons army from
  finding food.
• This is called the scorched earth policy.

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What did Napoleons army discover when they
entered Moscow?

• Moscow was completely abandoned.
• The day after Napoleon took Moscow it went up in
  flames.
• Napoleon waits 8 weeks for the Czar to surrender.
  He refuses.
• He says, My campaign, led by General Winter is
  just beginning.

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Napoleon in Moscow!

• Napoleon was far from home with a badly damaged
  army.
• Lacking adequate supplies as winter was quickly
  approaching in an unfriendly country.
• By October, Napoleon was forced to retreat.

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Napoleons Retreat
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Conditions on the journey home.

• During the march, men and horses both starved
  because there was no food and no time to gather
  any. Horses died in the thousands from overwork
  and starvation no time to graze. Men were seen
  quenching their thirst with horse urine, because
  water was unobtainable or polluted.

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Conditions on the journey home.

• Temperatures plummeted to 40 degrees below zero.
• Napoleon lost 25,000 troops just crossing the
  Berezina river when the Russians burned the only
  two bridges to cross the river trapping thousands
  on the wrong side of the river to be captured by
  the Cossacks who drove them naked back into
  Russia.

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How many soldiers made it back from Moscow to
Poland alive?

• Less than 40,000 out of the 600,000 made it back
  alive.
• Napoleon himself abandoned his army and rode back
  to France to organize another army. Men were easy
  to get, but the horses lost in the battle would
  cost Napoleon a victory in the next battle.

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The European Coalition

• Napoleon returns to Paris and raises an army of
  350,000 men.
• The nations of Europe (Grand Alliance Great
  Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria and Sweden )
  are reluctant to go to war with Napoleon and try
  to negotiate a peace treaty that would have left
  Napoleon in power over a weakened France.
• He refused saying, I am an upstart soldier. My
  dominion will not survive the day when I cease to
  be strong.

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Napoleons Defeat

• Napoleons Grand Army was defeated by the Grand
  Alliance (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and
  Austria) in the Battle of Nations or Leipzig.
• Napoleon is exiled to the island of Elba off the
  coast of Italy to live out the rest of his days.

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An alliance of Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden
and Austria attacked France and defeated
Napoleons Army in 1813 at Leipzig. The Battle of
Leipzig or the Battle of the Nations (16-19
October 1813) was the largest conflict in the
Napoleonic Wars and the most decisive defeat
suffered by Napoleon Bonaparte. Fought on German
soil, it also involved German troops on both
sides, as a large proportion of Napoleon 's
troops actually came from the German
Confederation of the Rhine.  
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• Mistake 1
• In 1806 Napoleon attempted to blockade British
  ports to hurt their economy. This Continental
  System was to make the continent more self
  sufficient. The British Navy put their own
  blockade around Europe which weakened Europes
  economy.

The Collapse of Napoleons Empire
Mistake 3 In 1812 Napoleon attempted to conquer
Russia.The Russians retreated and followed a
scorched-earth policy leaving no livestock or
grain for the French Army. The onset of Winter,
attacks and deserters left only 10,000 of the
original 400,000 troops.

• Mistake 2 Napoleon made his brother King of
  Spain in 1808. The Spanish people were loyal to
  their own king. The peasant fighters called
  guerrillas fought against Napoleon in a war
  called The Peninsular War.

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The Battle of WaterlooThe Final Defeat
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Where was Napoleon exiled after his capture in
Paris?

• The island of Elba off the coast of Italy in the
  Mediterranean Sea.

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Napoleon Escapes

• During Napoleons stayed on Elba in 1814, he was
  not content. His thoughts kept wandering back to
  his ambitions of a grand empire.
• After awhile, Napoleon couldnt stand it any
  longer. He planned an escape with some of his
  most trusted advisors.
• In February 1815, Napoleon sailed from the island
  with 1,000 or so followers. He landed near Cannes
  on March 1 and marched toward Paris. Napoleon
  gathered supporters along the way.

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Napoleon Escapes

• Napoleon escaped from the island and returned to
  France.
• When troops came to capture him he opened his
  coat and screamed,
• Soldiers of the 5th regiment, I am your
  Emperorif there is a man among you who would
  kill his Emperor, here I am.
• He then shouted, Vive lEmpereur. (long live
  the Emperor.).

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Napoleon Escapes

• Nineteen days later he was in Paris and resumed
  his title as Emperor.
• He declared a new constitution that limited his
  powers.
• His return to power was known as The Hundred
• Days
• His army rallied to him. The soldiers who had
  been captured during the years of fighting had
  been released enabling Napoleon to reform his
  Grande Armée.

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What happened to Louis XVIII?

• After Napoleons defeat the Bourbon monarchy had
  been restored. Louis XVII had died in prison from
  tuberculosis.
• The newly enthroned monarch Louis XVIII fled to
  Belgium as Napoleon made his way towards Paris.

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To Belgium to Attack the Allies

• Napoleon resolved to attack the British,
  Prussian, Belgian and Dutch armies before the
  other powers could come to their assistance. He
  marched into Belgium.

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Battle of Waterloo

• On June 18, 1815, in Waterloo, Napoleon met a
  combined British and Prussia army, Napoleon
  Suffered a bloody defeat at the hands of the Duke
  of Wellington.
• The allied forces exiled him to the St. Helena,
  small island in the South Atlantic.
• The fear of him escaping, haunted the French
  political life for years to come

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The Effects of The French Revolution These were
felt in several ways in countries outside France.
 Due to the people's revolt against the monarchy,
the Russians succeeded in overthrowing the Czar
and transferring from an Absolute Monarchy to
Communism.  England also benefited from this.
 The people rebelled against the monarchy and
caused the English monarchs to lose all power and
control over the people. "The French Revolution
was a step towards replacing traditional
aristocratic forms of government with more open,
elective systems. Along with the American
Revolution, it inspired reformers throughout the
western world."    
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Questions

1. What was the significance of the Napoleons Civil
   Code?
2. Why did Napoleon want to stop British goods from
   reaching Europe?
3. Why did being a sea power help Britain to survive
   the attack from the French?
4. Explain how nationalism contributed to Napoleons
   defeat. Be sure to discuss how French
   nationalism produced nationalism outside of
   France
5. Using the diagram below, identify the reasons for
   the rise and fall of Napoleons Grand Empire

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Questions

• Using the diagram below, identify the reasons for
  the rise and fall of Napoleons Grand Empire

Napoleons Rise Fall
Fall
Rise





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The Congress of Vienna1814
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Who was invited to the Congress of Vienna?

• Czar Alexander I
• The Czar of Russia
• Wants Poland
• Viscount Robert Castlereagh
• British foreign secretary
• Wanted to deny Russia, Poland
• Wanted to strengthen Germany

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Who was invited to the Congress of Vienna?

• Prince Karl August von Hardenberg
• Prussian statesman
• Prince Klemens von Metternich
• Austrian Statesman
• Long-lasting order in Europe
• Wanted a return to conservative ideas
• Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand
• French statesman
• Wanted to keep France in one piece.

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What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?

• It was to arrange a final peace settlement after
  almost ten years of war with Napoleon.

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What is legitimacy, and how did Metternich use
this concept as a guide to reconstruct Europe
after the fall of Napoleon?

• Legitimacy is the idea that countries would be
  governed by the legitimate or legal heirs of the
  old order.
• Metternichs goal was to place the lawful rulers
  of countries back in power.

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How did the Congress of Vienna attempt to balance
the power in Europe?

• They rearranged territories in Europe hoping that
  his would form a new balance of power. The powers
  at Vienna wanted to keep one country from
  dominating Europe.

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What is conservatism?

• Conservatism is based on tradition and social
  stability. It favors obedience to political
  authority, and believed that organized religion
  is crucial to order in society.
• Conservatives hated revolutions and were
  unwilling to accept demands from people who
  wanted either individual rights or representative
  government.

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What is the concert of Europe?

• It was a meeting of Russia, Prussia, Austria and
  Britain to take steps that would maintain the
  peace in Europe.

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What is the principle of intervention?

• The great powers had the right to send armies
  into countries where there were revolutions in
  order to restore the legitimate monarchs to their
  thrones.

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What reasons did Britain give for not supporting
the principles of intervention?

• Britain refused to accept the principle of
  intervention arguing that the great powers should
  not interfere in the internal affairs of other
  states.
• Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France however used
  military forces to crush revolutions in Spain and
  in Italy.