Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

1
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

• Origins
• A Noble Corsican Family
• Trained in armies of Ancien Regime
• Commissioned 1785
• Was in favor of the Revolution.
• Character
• He saw himself as a man of Destiny
• A rationalist and an opportunist
• Romantic Streak
• Compared himself to Alexander the Great and
  Caesar.
• Devoted to his family - he made them important
  all over Europe.

2
Coup of 18 Brumaire

• Napoleon Named First Consul 1799
• The Coup did not go well.
• Napoleon addressed the Assembly
• Shouted down and became angry.
• Saved by his brother Lucien calling in the army
• forced away the deputies.
• Napoleon's account of this later was distorted
• Failed to mention that Lucien saved him.
• Napoleon become one of three consuls.
• Presents himself as saving the Republic

3
New Constitution of the Year VIII

• It appealed to republican theory (Checks and
  Balances)
• it included a Council of State (ref. Louis XIV)
• It actually made Napoleon ruler
• Approved by plebiscite (3,011,077 to 1,567)
• May be regarded as then end of the French
  Revolution
• Declaration to that effect in 1799
• In reality the rev. was over at Thermidor.

4
Napoleon's Rule in France (1799-1814) The
Consulate (1799-1804)

• Napoleon maintained order in the state by his
  policies.
• Liberal Policies
• worked out important compromises between
  competing groups
• Employed people from all political groups. (e.g.
  Talleyrand)
• Gains of the peasants were confirmed
• Granted an amnesty to nobles
• Decreed improved education.
• Signed the Concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII
• Gave Catholics freedom of worship.
• It said Catholicism is Religion of most
  Frenchmen.
• State named bishops and paid priests
• The Church gave up its claims on property.
• Clergy swore loyalty to the state.

5
Conservative Order

• Central government control of the Provinces.
• Stopped the free press and free speech 1800
• Ruthless in crushing opposition secret police
  developed.
• Murdered the Bourbon Duke of Enghien 1804
• Stopped free elections - especially when he
  declared himself emperor

6
CIVIL CODE 1804 Napoleonic Code

• Granted the Middle class equality
• Safeguarded property rights
• Abolished all Privileges of birth
• Made state officials be chosen by merit
• Gave men control over their wives
• Labor unions forbidden
• Set the tone of all later French life
• legally egalitarian, socially bourgeois, and
  administratively bureaucratic.

7
Napoleon's Rule in France The Empire (1804-1814)

• Used fears of a Bourbon comeback to get himself
  crowned Emperor.
• Also had another new constitution also approved
  by plebiscite.
• Pope came to do it but Napoleon crowned himself
• Story of Charlemagne in 800AD being crowned by
  pope and then having to support him.
• Restoration of a Quasi-nobility Legion of Honor.
  
• 1809 Napoleon married Archduchess Marie Louise
• A more fitting wife for an emperor than
  Josephine, (supposedly she was sexually to much
  for him).

8
Coronation of Napoleon
9
Conquering an Empire

• Peace of Ameins(1802)
• Britain was only truce because of Napoleons
  ambitions
• Army sent to quell colony of Haiti, aroused
  British fears of French American empire because
  Spain restored Louisiana to France(1800), also in
  Swtzerland, Italy, Germany
• Treaty of Campo Formio
• Redistribution of territories along Rhine,
  princes scrambled for land
• Reduction of Austrian influence, emergence of
  Napoleon-dependant larger German states
• British Naval Supremacy
• British sent ultimatum
• Napoleon ignored it,
• Britain declared war May 1803 William Pitt Jr.
  returned as prime minister(1804), began
  constructing 3rd Coalition persuaded
  Austria/Russia
• Oct. 21, 1805, British Admiral Horatio Lord
  Nelson, destroyed combined French/Spanish fleets
  at Battle of Trafalgar
• British lost no ships ended all hope of French
  invasion of Britain, guaranteed Britain control
  of sea

10
War against Third Coalition

• (Aus. Russ. Swed. GB)
• Lost Naval dominance to Britain at Trafalgar 1805
  (Lord Horatio Nelson killed)(21 Oct)
• Britain now had the dominance of the seas it was
  to keep for the next century.
• Napoleon Dominant in Europe
• 1805 Austerlitz (Dec 2)(just after Trafalgar)
  -Napoleon gains Italy
• 1806 Jena defeats Prussia (supposedly best army
  in Europe).
• 1807 Treaty of Tilsit
• Signed by Napoleon, by Alexander I of Russia
  (secretly)
• Russia becomes part of continental system
• -French Territorial gains confirmed
• Russia reduced in size.

11
The Grand Empire and the Continental System

• French controlled all of Continental Europe
  (achievement shows unrealized possibilities of
  France under the later Ancien Regime).
• 1806 The Holy Roman Empire dissolved.
• Germany re-organized July 1806 as The
  Confederation of the Rhine.
• French Empire set up including land up to the
  Rhine and beyond.
• New Kingdoms set up - Spain, Italy, Holland,
  Sweden - All with Napoleons family or followers
  on the throne. One relative became a Cardinal.
• All the other state were, for the time being
  allies.
• The Napoleonic Code was imposed everywhere. -end
  of Feudalism Local town oligarchies

12
Continental System

• After Treaty of Tilsit,
• Napoleon needed to defeat British to feel safe
• Couldnt defeat navy, so tried to cut off British
  trade and drive Britain from the war
• The Milan Decree of 1807
• Attempted to stop neutral nation from trading
  w/Britain
• British economy survived
• Continental System hurt European economies
• Napoleon rejected suggestions to make empire
  trade-free
• Tariff policies favored France
• Increased foreign resentment
• less willing to enforce system, more likely to
  smuggle
• Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808 in part to prevent
  smuggling, helped bring his ruin

13
German Nationalism

• No unified German state,
• Romantic movement nationalism was basic feature
• writers emphasized unique qualities of German
  culture
• Until Napoleon humiliated Prussia at Jena(1806)
• Many German intellectuals urged resistance to
  Napoleon from nationalism
• France served as example of independent growth
• Germans wanted unified state
• Only Prussia could be so patriotic nationalist
  went to Prussia calling for reforms that were
  feared by Frederick William III and Junker
  nobility

14
Prussian Reform

• Prussian admin./social reforms
• Baron vom Stein and Count von Hardenberg
• Wanted to keep power of Prussian monarch/nobles
• Tried to fight French w/revolution
• Reforms came from top,
• changed social scene
• Broke Junker land monopoly/serfdom abolished
• Some manorial labor) /new problems created by
  landless labor force w/population explosion
• Military reforms
• abolished inhumane military punishments
• Embraced patriotism
• Opened officer corps to commoners/based on
  merit/war colleges
• Reforms soon let Prussia regain former power
• Limited army to 42,000 men, universal
  conscription not introduced until 1813(trained
  reserves)

15
The Wars of Liberation

• Spain resistance had deep social roots
• Napoleon used a revolt to dispose of Spanish
  Bourbons
• replace with brother, Joseph
• attacks on church enraged peasants
• General rebellion new guerilla warfare, British
  helped out,
• long campaign would drain French strength
  elsewhere, big role in Naps defeat

16

• Austria
• Spanish troubles encouraged Austrians, renewed
  war 1809 since defeat at Austerlitz, sought war
  of revenge,
• counted on Naps distraction
• French weariness
• German princes (none happened)
• French Army marched to Austria, won Battle of
  Wagram
• Peace of Schoenbrunn Austria lost territory/3.5
  million
• Marie Louise
• spoil of Naps victory, Austrian archduchess,
  daughter of emperor old wife was 46, no
  children divorced her,
• married 18-yr-old Marie
• considered marrying sister of Tsar Alexander

17
The Invasion of Russia

• March on Moscow
• 1810 Russians withdrew from the Continental
  system. and resume contact with GB.
• 1812 Napoleon Attempts to march on Moscow, as his
  major continental opponent.
• Defeated by the Cold and snow and lack of
  supplies
• Russians used scorched earth policy.
• Also defeated by the resistance put up by the
  entire Russian people - from the Tsar to the
  serfs.
• Tsar did not allow for any one decisive battle
  which was Napoleon's forte (Borodino 1812 not
  decisive)
• The Retreat from Moscow - 1812/1813
• Napoleon was unable to get together another army
  for six months. About 100,000 out of 600,000
  survived.
• Raised 350,000

18
The Opposition Becomes Effective

• 1813
• Prussia after defeat at Jena reorganized and
  modernized
• Some land reform. end of serfdom, calls to
  patriotism. 42,000 men trained each year
• By 1813 it was strong again - army of 270,000
• Napoleon still put down opponents in Paris/raised
  another 350K men
• Other countries hesitant to attack,
• Austrian foreign minister, Prince Klemens von
  Metternich would have settled reasonably,
• Nap didnt consider compromising
• Patriotic pressure/national ambition brought
  together - most powerful coalition v.
  Napoleon(1813)

19
European Coalition

• The Fourth Coalition, (Russia, Prussia, Austria,
  GB)
• Russians drove westward, joined by
  Austria/Prussia w/vast amounts of British
• Wellington marched peninsular army into France
  from west
• New army was inexperienced/poorly equipped
  still, waged skillful campaign in central Europe,
  defeated allies at Dresden
• In Oct. Nap decisively defeated at Leipzig in
  Battle of Nations
• a few days later, Nap abdicated/went into exile
  on island of Elba, of coast of northern Italy

20
The Congress of Vienna

• Fear of Nap/hostility to ambitions had held
  coalition together
• Split apart, seeking separate goals
• Agreement reached through Robert Stewart,
  Viscount Castlereagh, British foreign secretary
• Treaty of Chaumont (March9,1814)
• restored Bourbons to French throne/contracted
  French frontiers
• final deal at Vienna Congress
• HRE, dissolved since 1806, left
  untouched/established legitimate
  monarchs/rejected republican/democratic politics
  that came from French Rev
• Brought agreement that Britain, Austria, Russia,
  Prussia would from Quadruple Alliance for 20 yrs
  to preserve settlement

21
Territorial Adjustments

• Settlement of Eastern Europe divided victors
• Alex. I of Russia wanted Poland/ Prussia would
  trade for Saxony
• Austria unwilling to give up share of Poland or
  see Russian/Prussian power grow (Polish-Saxon
  Question)
• Talleyrand, representing France,
• suggested that leak of secret treaty between
  France, Britain, Austria would bring Alexander to
  his senses
• Russia accepted smaller Poland,
• Prussia settled for ½ of Saxony,
• France was included as 5th great power in all
  deliberations

22
The Hundred Days

• Nap returned from Elba(March1,1815) army still
  loyal
• Promised liberal constitution
• peaceful foreign policy
• Allies declared him outlaw and went to crush him
• Wellington with help of Prussians under Field
  Marshal von Bluecher,
• defeated Nap at Waterloo in Belgium (June18,1815)
  
• Nap abdicated, sent to exile on Saint Helena,
  died there in 1821

23
the Quadruple Alliance

• Alexander proposed Holy Alliance
• monarchs promised to act with Christian ideals,
• Austria and Prussia signed
• Britain- Castlereagh didnt
• Quadruple Alliance renewed(Nov20,1815)
• New diplomacy in European affairs determined to
  prevent upheaval
• purpose of treaty to secure peace,
• Vienna Settlement, powers framed good relations
• Congress of Vienna achieved goals
• France accepted situation/new legal framework
• Criticized for failing to recognize/provide for
  nationalism/democracy (inappropriate) general
  desire was for peace
• virtually unprecedented to produce settlement
  intact for 100 yrs

24
Changed Political Map of Europe

• Holy Roman Empire Goes
• Austria now its own nation
• 300 German States reduced to 39.
• More Catholic states than Protestant ones
  disappeared
• no Habsburg would again be elected emperor
• France becomes less important for 30 years
• Britain's mastery of the seas now total

25
Romanticism

• Began in late 1700s
• Dominated European cultural life through first
  half of 1800s
• Difficult to define
• Romantics were both liberals and conservatives
  revolutionaries and reactionaries
• Some were religious, others not

26
Rousseau and Education

• Claimed society/material prosperity had corrupted
  human nature
• Emile(1762) stressed difference between kids and
  adults showed stages of maturation and said kids
  should be raised with max. individual freedom
  trial and error like a plant
• Thought that childs sentiments/reason should be
  allowed to grow
• Romantic writers
• concept showed rights of nature were over
  artificial society view of life led romantics to
  value uniqueness of each individual
• saw humankind/nature/society as organically
  related

27
Kant and Reason

• Wrote 2 greatest philosophical works of late
  18th
• The Critique of Pure Reason(1781)
• The Critique of Practical Reason(1788)
• Wanted to accept rationalism of
  Enlightenment/still preserve belief in God/human
  freedom/immortality
• Argued for subjective character of human
  knowledge, mind imposes on world of sensory
  experience
• human mind sees world b/c of own internal mental
  categories, not everything is sensory experience
• Believed in noumenal world of moral/aesthetic
  reality known by practical reason
• Thought all humans had innate sense of moral duty
  (categorical imperative) that showed natural
  freedom
• postulated existence of God/eternal life/future
  rewards/punishments
• Romantic writers identified w/Kantian philosophy

28
Romantics and Nature

• Philosophes saw nature as a lifeless machine, a
  giant clock, all parts working in perfect
  precision
• Romantics rejected this impersonal machine model
  of nature, responding to nature emotionally,
  seeking mystical union with nature
• Nature is alive an suffused with Gods presence
• The factories of the Industrial Revolution were
  dark satanic mills that separated people from
  the glories of the natural world

29
Romantics and God

• God - spiritual force behind all life mysterious
  and inspiring
• Romantics condemned Deists for weakening
  Christianity
• Methodism
• John Wesleys revolt against deism and the
  rationality of the English church connection
  with God is individual and heartfelt, an
  enthusiastic, emotional experience (revivals)
• Hasidic Judaism
• Founded by the Baal Shem tov in E. Europe
• Hasidics rejected the academic Judaism in favor
  of a more spiritual Judaism in which God is seen
  in every aspect of the world and humans can make
  direct, personal connections with God miracles

30
Romantics and History

• Philosophes
• Middle ages as a time of darkness, superstition,
  and fanaticism

• Romantics
• Middle Ages as a time of security, spiritual
  unity, and social harmony
• A time of chivalrous deed, heroic individuals,
  colorful pageantry
• Looked to Medieval language, folk songs, legends,
  myths, and traditions as a way to identify with
  unique national histories

31
Romantics- Nationalism and History

• German Romantics
• Glorification of the individual and culture
• G. Fichte
• The world exists because of humans
• Johann Gottfried Herder
• Rejection of French influences in Germany
• Promoted German folk cultures
• Grimm Bros followed his example
• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
• Created system of how ideas develop
• Thesis- set of ideas
• Antithesis- conflicting ideas
• Synthesis- Merging of ideas

32
Romanticism and Islam

• The Crusades against Islam fit into European
  Romantic ideas
• Ottomans seen unfavorably
• Some spread of Islamic culture
• 1001 Nights
• Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
• Romantic view of history gave Islam a distinct
  role.
• Napoleons invasion of Egypt brought artifacts
  back to France
• Growth of interest in ancient Egyptian culture