Napoleon Bonaparte

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Napoleon Bonaparte

• 1769 1821

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Background

• Born in Corsica (1769)
• Entered college at age 9
• Brigadier General at age 25
• Fought in the pro-Republic army
• Married to Josephine de Beauharnais
• Connected him to Paris society
• Defeated Austria in the Alps
• Victories in Egypt over Britain before returning
  to France

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Napoleons Wives
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Napoleon at the Sphinx
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Coup detat

• November 11, 1799 Returns to France and takes
  power away from the National Directory
• New Constitution written
• Napoleon becomes the First Consul
• Controls the entire government and army
• 1802 was made consul for life
• 1804 crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I
• both the position of first consul and emperor
  were voted on by the people of France

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From Consul to Emperor
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Napoleons Reforms

• Education
• Created more public education under state control
• Created secondary schools (lycees)
• Voting
• All men could vote after 1804
• However, no elections, all laws made by the
  Assemblies
• Economic
• Bank of France all citizens must pay a tax,
  used to give loans to businesses
• Sold Louisiana to raise

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Napoleons Reforms (cont.)

• Religion
• Religious freedom, but Catholicism recognized as
  the official religion (Concordat, 1802)
• Internal Improvements
• Built new roads, canals and bridges
• New buildings and memorials (LArc de Triomphe)
• Individual Rights
• Everyone equal in the eyes of the law
• Limited freedom of speech and the press
• Limited rights for women
• Goal was to make sure there was order and
  stability

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LArc de Triomphe
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The Code of Napoleon, 1804

• All equal no privileges based on class
• No Feudalism
• Trial by Jury
• Religious Freedom
• Parents controlled their children
• Husbands controlled their wives

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Napoleons Empire

• Defeated Austria and Italy
• Crowned king of Italy
• Loses American territories
• Haiti slave rebellion (1799 1801)
• Sells Louisiana Territory to the U.S. (1803)
• Battle of Trafalgar (10,21, 1805)
• Naval defeat to the British in south of Spain
• Prevented an invasion of Britain
• Despite Trafalgar, Napoleon would conquer much of
  Europe by 1812
• Took over many countries and states
• Others were forced to be allies (i.e. Austria
  Prussia)

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Battle of Trafalgar
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The end of Napoleons Empire

• 1811 Czar Alexander I withdrew Russia from the
  Continental System
• 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia
• Napoleons army of 600,000 men attacks Moscow
• Russia adopts the scorched-earth policy
• Russian winter destroys Napoleons army (upwards
  of 400,000 die)
• Napoleon loses control of France
• Russia, Prussia, Spain, England, Sweden, Austria,
  and Italy declare war on France
• April of 1814, Napoleon surrenders and is exiled
  to the island of Elba (off the coast of Italy)
• Louis XVIII crowned King of France (brother of
  Louis XVI)

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Retreat from Russia
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Elba
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The Hundred Days

• March of 1815, Napoleon escapes form Elba,
  returns to France and quickly raises on army
• Hundred Days Napoleon becomes emperor again and
  promises no war
• Prussia, Great Britain, and the Netherlands
  attack France to remove Napoleon from power
• Battle of Waterloo (6/18/1815)
• Napoleon vs. Duke of Wellington (G.B.)
• Napoleon defeated once and for all
• Exiled to island of Saint Helena (south Atlantic)
• Died in 1821

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Waterloo
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St. Helena
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Napoleons Legacy

• Secured the French Revolution
• Spread ideas of equality in law, religious
  tolerance, nationalism throughout Europe
• Many Europeans see the benefit of governments
  without absolute monarchs