Jacksonian Era

1
Jacksonian Era

• Unit 3

2

• The political activity that pervades the United
  States must be seen in order to be understood.
  No sooner do you set foot upon American ground
  than you are stunned by a kind of tumult.
• Alexis de Toqueville,
• Democracy in America, 1835

3
Election of 1824

• The Candidates
• John Quincy Adams
• William Crawford
• Andrew Jackson
• Henry Clay
• The Corrupt Bargain-Election went to the house
  and Jackson accused Clay of the corrupt
  bargain. J.Q. Adams became president and Clay
  became Secretary of State.

4
(No Transcript)
5
John Q. Adams Presidency1825-1829

• Domestic Policies-
• Proposed the central govt should promote
  internal improvements set up a national
  university create Department of Interior
• Tariff of 1824-favored New England and Middle
  Atlantic manufacturers-higher duties on woolens,
  cotton, iron, and other finished goods.
• Tariff of 1828-high tariffs on raw materials

6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
Election of 1828
10
(No Transcript)
11
Jackson takes office

• Inauguration-March 1829
• Political Appointments
• Turn the rascals out
• VP-John C. Calhoun
• Sec. of State-Martin Van Buren
• Calhoun-Van Buren Rivalry
• Peggy Eaton Affair
• Internal Improvements
• Maysville Road Bill and Jacksons Veto

12
All Creation Going to the White House
13
Picture depicting Andrew Jackson as a Demon
14
John C. Calhoun
15
Nullification Issue and Crisis

• South Carolinas economy negatively affected by
  the tariff of 1828
• Calhouns Theory of Nullification
• South Carolina Exposition and Protest
• Webster-Hayne Debate
• Initial issue of Western lands and Foot Bill
• States rights (Hayne) v. Nationalism (Webster)
• Symbolic of the north/south divisions in the U.S.
  and what is the nature of the union

16
Daniel Webster-Webster-Hayne Debates

• When my eyes shall be turned to behold, for the
  last time, the sun in heaven, may I not see him
  shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of
  a once glorious Union.Let their last feeble and
  lingering glance, rather, behold the gorgeous
  ensign of the Republicblazing on all its ample
  folds, as they float over the sea and over the
  landLiberty and Union, now and forever, one and
  inseparable.

17
Jackson

• Jefferson Day Dinner-April 13, 1830
• Our Union-It must be preserved!

18
Calhoun

• The Union, next to our liberty most dear! May
  we all remember that it can only be preserved by
  respecting the rights of the states and
  distributing equally the benefit and the burden
  of the Union!

19
In Response to Nullification

• I consider, then, the power to annul a law in
  the United States, assumed by one state,
  incompatible with the existence of the Union,
  contradicted expressly by the letter of the
  Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit,
  inconsistent with every principle on which it was
  founded, and destructive of the great object for
  which it was formed. Andrew Jackson, 1832

20
Nullification Crisis Continued

• South Carolinas Actions
• Nullification Ordinance of Tariff of 1832
• Jackson asks for the Force Bill
• Calhoun opposes secession
• Compromise Tariff of 1833 and role of Henry Clay
• South Carolina Rescinds Nullification

21
Jacksons Indian Policy

• Jacksons Attitude-Believed removal of
  American-Indians would reduce conflict in the
  west
• Indian Removal
• Black Hawk War-1832
• Osceola-Seminole War
• Trail of Tears-Cherokees
• Causes-land hunger and Georgia Gold Rush
• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)-Cherokees were
  a domestic dependent nation
• Worcester v. Georgia (1832)-Cherokee nation was
  a distinct political community
• Effects-Jackson does nothing to enforce decisions

22
(No Transcript)
23
King Andrew I
24
Downfall of Mother Bank
25
Bank Controversy

• Jacksons opposition to the Bank due to Panic of
  1819
• Contributions of the Bank-regulated currency and
  facilitated business expansion
• Nicholas Biddles Plan to recharter and make it
  the issue of 1832 election

26
Election of 1832

• Campaign Innovations
• Rise of the Anti-Masonic Party-William Wirt
• Use of the National Convention
• 3rd party
• Candidates
• National Republicans-Henry Clay (P)
• Democrats-Andrew Jackson
• Results-Jackson wins

27
Jacksons War against the Bank

• mandate by the people
• Removal of deposits
• Role of pet banks
• Economic impact of the changes
• B.U.S. tightens credit
• Speculative binge
• Increase in land sales
• Increase in state debts
• Deflation due to the Distribution Act
• Importance of Specie Circular of 1837

28
The New Party System

• Whigs
• Favored Clays American System
• Opposed immorality, vice, crime, which some
  blamed on immigrants
• Base of support New Englanders, mid-Atlantic
  and upper-Middle Western States WASP

• Democrats
• Favored local rule, limited government, free
  trade, equal economic opportunity
• Opposed monopolies, high tariffs, national bank,
  high land prices
• Base of support southerners, westerners, small
  farmers, urban workers

29
The Little Magician
30
Election of 1836

• Martin Van Buren-Democratic Candidate
• Whig Candidates
• Martin Van Buren Wins!

31
Van Burens Administration (1837-1841)

• Panic of 1837
• Causes-British tighter fiscal policy, decline of
  British investments and demand for cotton
  Jacksons specie circular
• Effects-wide-scale unemployment and downfall of
  Van Burens presidency
• Van Burens attitude
• Independent Treasury
• Passage in 1840

32
Panic of 1837-Anti-Jackson
33
All on Hobby Gee Up and Go
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
Election of 1840

• William Henry Harrison (Whig) and John
  Tyler-Tippecanoe and Tyler, too
• Martin Van Buren (Democrat)
• Harrison wins
• Nature of the Campaign
• Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign

37
Jacksonian Democracy

• What are the elements of Jacksonian democracy and
  to what extent did Jacksons policies promote
  equality and the ideal of the common man?

38
(No Transcript)
39
McCormick Reaper
40
Constructing the Erie Canal
41
(No Transcript)
42
Mill Town
43
(No Transcript)
44
(No Transcript)
45
National Agriculture

• Cotton gin caused westward expansion and
  expansion of slavery
• Westward Movement
• Nature of the movement
• Incentives move west
• Soil exhaustion
• New technology
• Land laws

46
Developments in transportation and communication

• Road Improvements
• Water transportation
• Flatboats
• Steamboats
• Canals
• Railroads
• Ocean Transport
• Telegraph

47
Market Revolution

• Impact of Technology
• Textile Manufacturing
• Early handicraft system
• Role of the British
• Early American textile factories
• Technological improvements
• McCormick Reaper
• Vulcanized rubber
• Telegraph
• impact

48

• Lowell Factory system
• Basic Features
• Spread and the transformation of the system to
  the Rhode Island Factory System or family system
• Growth of the cities
• Causes
• impact

49
Aerial View of Boston
50
A Day at the Races
51
(No Transcript)
52
Minstrel Show
53
Popular Culture

• Urban Recreation
• Theater
• Minstrel Shows

54
(No Transcript)
55
(No Transcript)
56
Immigration

• Causes
• Need for labor
• Increases
• Changes in handling the new immigrants
• Irish Immigration
• Reasons
• Areas of settlement
• Rise of Nativism and anti-Irish attitudes

57

• German Immigration
• Wave of migration began in 1830s
• Generally cultural professionals
• Catholic, Protestants, and Jewish
• Settled in rural areas and migrated in families
  or groups
• Major centers Illinois, Missouri, Ohio
• British, Scandinavians and Chinese

58
Nativist Reaction

• Rise of Protestant hostility against Catholics
• Role of Samuel Morse
• Native American Association (1837)
• Order of the Star Spangled Banner (1849)
• American Party (1854)-AKA-Know-Nothings
• Anti-Catholic movement subsides due to the issues
  over slavery.

59
Organized Labor in the Jacksonian Era

• Early unions were considered unlawful
• Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) stated that forming a
  union was not in itself illegal, nor was a demand
  that employers hire only members of a union.
• National Trades Union-set up to federate city
  societies
• Most disappear with the Panic of 1837

60
Labor Politics

• With the removal of property qualifications for
  voting, labor politics flourish
• Working Mens Party
• Locofocs
• Most end up joining the Democratic Party
• Reforms by Jackson
• 10 hour workday for the Philadelphia Navy Yard
• Van Buren extends 10 hour workday to govt
  offices and projects
• Rise of cooperatives makes prices cheaper

61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
Lorenzo Dow the Jerking Exercise
64
The Second Great Awakening
65
Enlightenments Impact on 19th Century America

• Sense of mission for the nation
• Rise of rational religion
• Deism
• Unitarianism
• Universalism
• In response to this rational religion, there is
  another wave of religious revivals.

66
Second Great Awakening

• Frontier Phase
• Camp meetings-Timothy Dwight, Charles Finney
• Role of women
• The Baptists
• The Methodists
• Circuit Riders-Peter Cartwright
• Nature of the Camp Meetings

67
The Mormons

• Church of LDS
• Role of Joseph Smith (1830)
• Nature of their beliefs
• From New York to Kirtland, Ohio to Missouri and
  then finally Deseret in modern-day Utah
• Role of Brigham Young

68
Thomas Cole-View on the Catskill
69
Frederick Church
70
Romanticism in America

• Begins in rebellion to the rationalism of the
  Enlightenment
• Emphasized the individual, idealized the virtues
  of the common people
• Mood, feelings, impressions were more important

71
Transcendentalism

• Artistic Expression was more important than the
  pursuit of wealth
• Reasserted mysticism and influenced by the
  Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads (Indian mysticism)
• Certain fundamental truths not derived from
  experience, not susceptible of proof, which
  transcend human life, and are perceived directly
  and intuitively by the human mind

72
Major Transcendentalism Writers

• Role of Ralph Waldo Emerson- American Scholar,
  Self-Reliance
• Role of Henry David Thoreau- On Walden Pond and
  Civil Disobedience

73
Flowering of American Literature

• Emily Dickenson
• Nathaniel Hawthorne
• Edgar Allan Poe
• Herman Melville
• Walt Whitman
• The rise of the popular press
• New technology like the Napier Press, Hoe Rotary
  Press, circulation of penny dailies,
  sentimentalist literature
• New York Tribune, Niles Weekly, Harpers Magazine

74
The Herald of the City
75
George Barrell Emerson School
76
Pennsylvania Hospital of 1787
77
(No Transcript)
78
The Way of Good and Evil
79
The Shakers
80
Education

• Literacy increases-78 of the population could
  read
• Role of dame schools
• Early Public Schools
• Horace Mann-Superintendant of schools
• Normal Schools-training of teachers
• Education in South
• McGuffey Readers
• Higher Education
• Rise in colleges and state universities
• Rise in womens colleges-Troy Female Seminary
  (1824), Mount Holyoke (MA, 1836), Georgia Female
  College (1836)
• Oberlin College-coeducational

81
Reform Movements (1820-1860)

• Roots
• Americas sense of mission
• Belief in the perfectibility of humans
• Romantic faith in the individual
• Belief that human intuition led to right thinking
• Negative reaction industrialization and rise of
  cities

82

• Temperance
• American Temperance Union (1833)
• Avoid Demon Rum
• Rise of Blue Laws
• Prison and Asylum Reform
• Dorothea Dix
• Auburn Penitentiary System (1816)

83

• Womens Rights
• Catharine Beecher and the Cult of Domesticity
• A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841)
• Womens legal status during the antebellum period
• Significance of the Seneca Falls Convention
  (1848)
• Important female leaders Lucretia Mott, Susan B.
  Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Margaret Fuller (editor of the Transcendentalist
  journal The Dial)

84

• Utopian Communities
• Had economic and social objectives, but those
  rooted in religion were most durable
• Shakers-United Society of Believers in Christs
  Second Appearing led by Mother Ann Stanley (1774
  through 1860)
• Oneida Community led by John Humphrey Noyes
  (1836)-communal group that believed in universal
  marriage
• New Harmony-led by Robert Owen and based on
  secular principles (1825)
• Fourier Phalanxes-all property would be held in
  common (1840s)
• Brook Farm-celebrated the transcendentalist
  experiment that declined by the 1840s
• Evaluation of Utopian Communities

85
Abolitionist Movement

• American Colonization Society (1822)-Monrovia,
  Liberia
• American Antislavery Society (1831)-Wiliam Lloyd
  Garrison
• Rise of Liberty Party
• Black Abolitionists
• Frederick Douglass
• David Walker
• Henry Highland Garnet