Reconstruction Era (1863-1877)

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Reconstruction Era(1863-1877)
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President Lincolns 10 Plan

• Loyal Rule
• Didnt ask Congress
• Pardon citizens
• 10 vote
• Re-admit states back to Union

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President Lincolns Plan

• 1864 Lincoln Governments formed in LA, TN, AR
• loyal assemblies
• Weak dependent onUnion Army for survival
• Military Force
• Minority Rule

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Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

• 50 oath of loyalty
• Iron Clad Oath
• Admit no involvement
• Restrictions to electionsof state officials
• Must guarantee libertyof freed slaves

CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)
SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH)
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Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

• State Suicide Theory MA Senator Charles
  Sumner
• Conquered Provinces PositionPA Congressman
  Thaddeus Stevens

PocketVeto
PresidentLincoln
Wade-DavisBill
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Lincoln is Dead!

• Lincoln is assassinated!
• Sic Semper Tyrannus!
• Shot in the back of the head
• Andrew Johnson

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13th Amendment

• Ratified 12/1865.
• Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
  except as punishment for crime whereof the party
  shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
  within the United States or any place subject to
  their jurisdiction.
• Congress shall have power to enforce this article
  by appropriate legislation.
• Ended slavery, DID NOT grant citizenship

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Johnson Reconstruction

• Jacksonian Dem.
• From TN
• White Supremacist
• Pro-Union not Anti-Slave

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Johnson becomes President after Lincoln's
assassination.
Pres. Johnsons Reconstruction Plan
I. The majority of voters in each Southern state
must pledge their loyalty to the U.S.
II. and each state must ratify (approve) the
Thirteenth Amendment.

• The Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery,
  was ratified on Dec.6, 1865

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Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

• Offered amnesty upon simple loyalty oath to all
  except
• - Civil War Officers- Former Plantation
  Owners- Individuals w/ property over 20,000
• New State Constitutions
• Forbid slavery secession
• Pay back war debt to Feds.

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Slavery is Dead?
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Growing Northern Alarm!

• Most S. state constitutions do not meet
  requirements

• Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons
• Plantation owners resume political power

• Revival of southern defiance racism

BLACK CODES
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Black Codes

• Purpose
• Guarantee stable labor supply
• Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race
  relations.
• Assures whites will earn more than blacks
• Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers
  tenant farmers.

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Black Codes -
laws that severely limited the rights of
freedmen.
serving on juries.
voting.
African-Americans were forbidden from
running for political office.
owning guns.
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Sharecropping
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Tenancy Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60 interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds lien mortgage on part of tenants future crops as repayment of debt. Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt. Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmers future crop.
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Congress Breaks with the President

• Congress bars S. delegates
• Joint Committee
• 02/1866 Johnson veto Freedmens Bureau bill.
• 03/1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights
  Act.
• Congress passed both bills over Johnsons
  vetoes 1st time in U. S. history!!!!

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Radical Reconstruction(1866-1877)
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Freedmens Bureau (1865)

• N. Abolitionists
• Help slaves gain political power
• Carpetbaggers
• Equal opportunity
• Education Reforms

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Freedmans Bureau School
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Establishment of Black Colleges
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Freedmens Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
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14th Amendment

• Ratified in 07/1868.
• Natural-Born Citizens.
• Citizens Rights
• Pay back for war debt
• Punish S. for ignoring Fed. manadates

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Radical Plan for Readmission

• Military supervision (Martial Law)
• States must
• Ratify 13th, 14th Amendments
• Black Suffrage
• 03/1867 Military to enroll black voters

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Reconstruction Acts of 1867

• Military Reconstruction Act
• 10 S. states refuse to ratify 14th Amend.
• Divide 10 unreconstructed states into 5
  military districts.

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Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Edwin Stanton Sec. of War

• Command of the Army Act
• Tenure of Office Act
• Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincolns
  cabinet.
• Constitutional???

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President Johnsons Impeachment

• Johnson removes Stanton 02/1868.
• Johnson puts pro-S. Gens. in charge
• House impeaches Feb. 24th by vote of 126-47.

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The Senate Trial

• 11 week trial.
• Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of
  required 2/3s vote).

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African-Americans Govt.

• Free blacks able to vote/participate in govt.
• White hysteria
• Fear of black oppression
• Southern states feel need to re-establish
  white rule
• Examples - Poll Taxes - Ku Klux Klan -
  Black Codes - Lynchings - Literacy Tests -
  Grandfather Clause

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White Hysteria Colored Rulein the South?
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The Balance of Power in Congress
State White Citizens Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
MS 353,000 436,000
LA 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
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Black White Political Participation
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Black Senate House Delegates
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Blacks in Southern Politics

• Core voters black vets.
• Some held political office
• But, politically unprepared.

• The 15th Amendment guaranteedfed. voting.

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15th Amendment

• Ratified in 1870.
• Amendment 15 The right of citizens of the
  United States to vote shall not be denied or
  abridged by the United States or by any state on
  account of race, color, or previous condition of
  servitude.
• IMPACTS
• - Forbid denying the right to vote based
  on race

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The Failure of Federal Enforcement

• Enforcement Acts of 1870 1871 also known as
  the KKK Act.

• The Lost Cause
• Rise of the Bourbons

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The Invisible Empire of the South
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Legal Challenges to the 14th 15th Amendments

• The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
• The court offered a narrow definition of the 14th
  Amendment.
• It distinguished between national and state
  citizenship.
• It gave the states primary authority over
  citizens rights.
• Therefore, the courts weakened civil rights
  enforcement!

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Legal Challenges to the 14th 15th Amendments

• Bradwell vs. Illinois (1873)
• Myra Bradwell, a female attorney, had been
  denied the right to practice law in Illinois.
• She argued that in the 14th Amendment, it said
  that the state had unconstitutionally abridged
  her privileges and immunities as a citizen.
• The Supreme Court rejected her claim, alluding to
  womens traditional role in the home.
• Therefore, she should NOT be practicing law!

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Legal Challenges to the 14th 15th Amendments

• U. S. vs. Reese, et. al. (1876)
• The Court restricted congressional power to
  enforce the KKK Act.
• The court ruled that the STATE alone could confer
  voting rights on individuals.
• The 15th Amendment did NOT guarantee a citizens
  right to vote, but just listed certain
  impermissible grounds to deny suffrage.
• Therefore, a path lay open for Southern states to
  disenfranchise blacks for supposedly non-racial
  reasons like lack of education, lack of
  property, etc.

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Legal Challenges to the 14th 15th Amendments

• U. S. vs. Cruickshank (1876)
• LA white supremacists accused of attacking a
  meeting of Blacks were convicted under the 1870
  Enforcement Acts.
• The Court held that the 14th Amendment extended
  the federal power to protect civil rights ONLY in
  cases involving discrimination by STATES.
• Therefore, discrimination by individuals or
  groups were NOT covered.

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Abandoning Reconstruction

• Northern support decreases
• Grantism political corruption
• Panic of 1873 (6-yeardepression) economic
  issues overwhelm civil rights issues.
• Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.
• Congress leaves enforcement up to states