Imperialism

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Imperialism

• 1867 - 1908

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Concepts to Understand

• U.S. acquisition of an overseas empire was the
  result of increased economic political power.
• Confrontation with Spain resulted in a war over
  Cuba.

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Americans moved away from isolationism.
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Emergence from Isolationism caused by

• Helping to expel the French from Mexico.
• thus enforcing the Monroe Doctrine.
• Acquiring Alaska expanding territory.
• The need for new markets for manufactured goods.
• Wanting to take a place with the Powers of the
  World

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Imperialism

• Policy of establishing colonies and building
  empires.
• Industrial revolution fed this because of the
  need for new markets for manufactured goods.

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Securing an American Continent

• Ending French Expansion in North America.
• Acquiring Alaska

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French in Mexico

• Mexicos reformed government stopped paying
  foreign debts.
• France, Spain Gr.Britain took up occupation.
• Debts paid - Spanish British leave, French stay
  and occupy Mexico City.
• Civil War keeps us from enforcing Monroe
  Doctrine.
• French install Maximilian U.S. Protested
• Mexicans defeat Maximillians army execute him.

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United States proved its wiliness to enforce the
Monroe Doctrine with force when it ran the French
out of Mexico in the 1860s.
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Alaska
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Alaska
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Alaska

• First claimed by Russia in 1725
• Russians Americans competed for furs and land.
• Few Russians settled in Alaska

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Russia Sells Alaska

• After loss in Crimean War Russia ready to sell.
• Felt it would give Great Britain another
  adversary in the region.
• Russia needed the money.

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Alaska (Sewars Ice Box)

• Secretary of State William H. Seward
• Purchased Alaska in 1867 from Russia
• Paid 7.2 million dollars
• Had to convince Congress to okay purchase.
• 1896 Gold is discovered in Alaska

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Value of Alaska

• Short term none
• Long term
• a. Gold
• b. Strategic Location WWII
• Becomes a state on January 3, 1959.

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Empire Building

• By 1890 U.S. ready to compete with World leaders.
• James G. Blaine wanted to use reciprocity
  diplomacy to increase trade.
• Blaine chaired a Pan-American Congress to promote
  economic co-operation between the American
  countries.
• U.S. intervention in Latin American affairs
  stymied any success of Pan-American goals.

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Hawaii
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Hawaii

• Early 1800s Missionaries traders settle
• Sugar growers follow
• 1890s strong connections to U.S.
• American business controlled Government

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Queen Liliuokalani

• Came to power in 1891
• Wanted to regain control of government
• American businessmen U.S.Marines took over the
  government.

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President Cleveland Intervenes

• After take over the American minister to Hawaii
  wanted annexation to U.S.
• Cleveland nixed the idea felt the takeover had
  been a violation of national honesty.
• He tried to oust the provisional government
  return Liliuokalani to power but failed.

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Challenging Great Britain

• Forced Great Britain to submit to arbitration
  twice.
• First was over Civil War Damages
• 1. Treaty of Washington
• 2. Britain paid 15.5 million in damages
• 3. U.S. forgave indirect damages.
• Second was concerning the Venezuela border
  dispute.

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Strengthening the Navy

• Venezuelan episode highlighted the fact that U.S.
  needed an effective navy.
• Alfred T. Mahan American Naval officer writer
  who supported the idea of a navy.
• Congress took his advice by the end of the
  century U.S. had an effective navy in place.

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Assignment

• Construct a timeline that shows
• American involvement in Mexico, Alaska, Hawaii
  Venezuela during this era.

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The Spanish American War

• Were Americans seeking to support Cuban
  independence or to expand their own territory?

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Spanish American War

• Be able to list the events that led up to the
  United States involvement in the Spanish American
  War.
• Explain the involvement of the Philippines in
  this war.

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Events Leading to War

• Spanish concentration camps outraged Americans.
• a. Spanish Governor General Valeriano Weyler
  ordered them.
• b. Thousands died of starvation disease.
• Many naturalized citizens involved in rebellion
  and wanted American protection.

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Public Opinion For War

• Cleveland sought neutrality but warned against
  further atrocities.
• McKinley tried also to maintain neutrality
• McKinley offered to buy Cuba but was refused.
• Spain recalled Weyler offered local
  self-government.

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McKinley Criticized

• Assistant Secretary of Navy Theodore Roosevelt
  said McKinley had no backbone.
• Hearst Pulitzer fanned the flames of public
  opinion with accounts of atrocities in Cuba.
• Yellow journalism sold papers encouraged war.

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Remember the Maine

• Spanish Ambassador Lome to United States wrote a
  letter insulting President McKinley.
• U.S. Battleship Maine explodes in Cuban harbor.
• Public opinion fanned by Yellow journalism.

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Congress Response

• Allocates 50 million for war preparations
• McKinley demands Spain grant Cuban independence.
• Even though Spain was moving to comply McKinley
  asked for a Declaration of War.

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A Splendid Little War

• Called this by Sec.of State John Hay
• War actually began in the Pacific
• Many see it as a chance to gain territory.
• Chief proponent of this idea is Teddy Roosevelt.

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The Philippine Connection

• Secretary of the Navy John D. Long was out of
  town.
• Asst. Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt
  gave an order to invade the Philippines if war
  broke out.
• U.S. supported insurgent Emilio Aguinaldo in his
  efforts to revolt against Spain

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Quick Victory in Philippines

• U.S. quickly defeated their Pacific fleet.
• Insurgents readily defeated Spanish government on
  the Philippines.
• By the time the U.S. Army arrived the
  revolutionaries U.S. Navy had control of the
  Philippines.
• Who would rule after the war?????

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Fighting in Cuba

• American troops poorly equipped.
• Rough Riders gained San Juan Hill control of
  Santiago.
• Rough Riders accompanied by an all black
  Regiment 10th Calvary Regiment

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Naval Encounters

• New navy under Admiral William Sampson was to
  intercept Spanish navy in the area.
• Spanish navy was blockaded in Santiago harbor.
• Once the land battle was over the Spanish navy
  left the harbor was defeated by American navy.
• Santiago surrendered two weeks later war is
  basically over.

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Puerto Rico End of War

• Taken by America after Santiago surrenders.
• August 12, 1898 Spain surrenders
• America lost 5000 lives.
• American flag now flew over distant islands.

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Assignment

• Page 379 Critical Thinking.