Swine Manure and Nutrient Management Options

1
Swine Manure and Nutrient Management Options

• An S 225
• Fall 2009

2
Phase Feeding Matching nutrient levels to the
pigs needs

• Multiple diet formulations during G/F
• Often geared toward the middle or average pigs
  because weight variation exists within groups
• Between 3 and 6 diets often used (or more)
• Dependent on the understanding of pigs genotype,
  environment, feed costs, feed processing costs,
  target ending weight
• Liquid diets may facilitate easier changes

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Nutritional Management
Single Phase Nutritional Program
Poor pig performance
15 CP (50 to 250 lb)
Underfeed CP
Overfeed CP
Excess N and P excretion
50
250
Live Weight
4
Nutritional Management
Multiple Phase Nutrition Program designed to
meet genetic capacity, health and facilities of
the pig
Minimize overfeeding of essential nutrients
CP and Nutrient Levels changed frequently to
closely match pig needs
50
250
Live Weight
5
Issues with Swine Manure

• Increasing population -- more people to feed
• Pork production is increasing
• Larger facilities -- greater concentration of
  manure in one place
• More potential for environmental problems
• More opportunity for utilization and management
• Economies of scale

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Types of Problems with Swine Waste

• Logistics large quantities and volume to handle
• Non-point source pollution
• Lakes, groundwater, etc.
• Air pollution ammonia, methane
• Nuisance pollutants odor, noise
• Safety poisonous gases
• Disease
• Visual aesthetics

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Choice of Type of System

• Phase of production
• Breed-to-wean, nursery, finisher
• Production practices
• Water/energy use
• Land availability
• Climate
• Value of waste

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Types of Swine Waste Handling Systems

• Conventional or dry system
• Open concrete lots, hoops, etc.
• Bedding manure handled as a solid
• Land application -- spreader
• Liquid manure system
• Slatted floors
• Deep pit or outside storage tank
• Land application injection, incorporation
• Lagoon system
• Flush gutters
• Irrigation spray system

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Approximate Daily Manure Production, Without
Bedding
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Factors Affecting Nutrient Utilization,
Excretion, and Volume

• Management practices
• Nutritional regime
• Genetic capacity
• Species differences
• Within species differences
• Herd health status

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Nutrients of Primary Concern

• Nitrogen
• Amino Acids that comprise the Proteins required
  for life
• Phosphorus
• Mineral required for bone development, body
  function, health, etc.

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Environmental Concerns for Nitrogen

• Volatilization of Nitrogen to Ammonia (NH3)
• Returns to land or water via rainfall or direct
  absorption
• Potential for significant odor generation
• Community/neighbor relations can be strained
• Nutrient distribution
• Meeting agronomic needs without the adverse
  effects of over-application

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Environmental Issues for Phosphorus

• Direct and indirect contamination of water
  resources
• Surface and sub-surface waters
• Nutrient distribution
• Meeting agronomic needs without the adverse
  effects of over-application

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On-Farm Strategies to Improve P Utilization and
Reduce P Excretion

• Addition of microbial phytase to swine diets
• Aids degradation of phytate in the digestive
  tract, making more P available (Cromwell, 1993,
  1995)
• releases 20 to 40 of the bound P in most
  ingredients
• Phosphorus excretion decreased by 30 to 40 in
  finishing pigs (Pierce et al. 1997)
• Phytase combined with a reduction from 0.6 P to
  0.5 P (inorganic) in the pig diet results in a
  20 to 50 reduction in Phosphorus excretion
• In addition, Ca is more readily absorbed
  resulting in reduced Ca excretion

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Nitrogen and Phosphorus Intake, Excretion and
Retention in Swine
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Feed Wastage, Impact on Feed Utilization

• Improper adjustment
• Poor design
• Economic and Environmental Benefits to proper
  adjustment

50 to 250 lbs 31 feed/gain .60 P and 2.4 N
in diet
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Swine Finishing- Manure Value

• Nutrient analysis (concentration) will vary from
  barn to barn, system to system
• Feed, entry/exit wts, feeder/water management,
  etc.
• Value will vary depending on fertilizer values
• Transportation gt2-3 miles decreases value
• Must inject to realize most value
• MMPs are a necessity
• You need to capitalize with your own ground

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Questions about controlling odors

• Can I afford it?

• What are realistic expectations?

• How hard will it be to manage?

• Where do I get the most bang for the buck?

• Where does the odor originate?

Source Jay Harmon, ISU
19
Odor Sources

• Building Ventilation Air
• Outside Manure Storage
• Land Application

Source Jay Harmon, ISU
20
Effective Odor Mitigation Techniques Siting
Location.. Location.. Location
Source Jay Harmon, ISU
21
Effective Odor Mitigation Techniques
Biofiltration

• Biomaterial filters and acts as a bio-treatment
  substrate

LPES Curriculum
Source Jay Harmon, ISU
22
Effective Odor Mitigation Techniques
Biofiltration

• 60 odor reduction
• Installation 9/pig space (existing fans)
• Energy cost 45 cents/pig finished
• Reduces NH3, H2S

Iowa State Hoff, SDSU - Nicolai
Source Jay Harmon, ISU
23
Effective Odor Mitigation Techniques Vegetative
Environmental Buffers

• Vegetative filter
• Promotes mixing and uplift
• Visual Screen
• Difficult to quantify impact

Source Jay Harmon, ISU
24
Effective Odor Mitigation Techniques Vegetative
Environmental Buffers

• Up to 15 reduction
• 6 to 10 cents/pig over 20 years
• Years to establish
• Beware natural ventilation applications

Source Jay Harmon, ISU
25
Effective Odor Mitigation Techniques Dietary
Manipulation

• Examples
• Crude protein reduced, added crystalline amino
  acids
• Limited use of bloodmeal, fishmeal
• Up to 30 reduction
• Easy Implementation
• Stay tuned for developments

Source Jay Harmon, ISU
26
Effective Odor Mitigation Techniques Permeable
Covers

• Cover breathes
• Prevents wind from blowing over surface
• Material forms a biological substrate

Source Jay Harmon, ISU
27
Effective Odor Mitigation Techniques Impermeable
Covers

• High-density polyethylene (HDPE) cover
• 90 odor reduction
• 2.50/ft2
• Traps gas, rain, snow that must be handled
• More difficult to remove manure

Source Jay Harmon, ISU
28
Effective Odor Mitigation Techniques Manure
Injection

• Odor Reduction gt 90
• Injection toolbars may be retrofit
• Custom cost similar
• Operation additional cost
• May be a challenge with no-till

Source Jay Harmon, ISU