Title: Fertilizer Management
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2FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT
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4Fertilizer
- These are the inorganic sources of nutrients,
which supply one or more nutrients
5Why fertilizer is needed?
- Need at vegetative phase of crop
- Need at reproductive phase of crop
- Percent increase in yield
6Fertility status of soils in Pakistan
- Most of the soils in Pakistan have poor status of
available plant nutrition and cannot support
optimum level of crop productivity. Generally N
is deficient in all soils. In case of P, more
than 90 is inadequate available soil phosphorus
so P is also deficient, but in case of K picture
is not clear
7Reasons of low fertility
- High temperature and arid climate, accelerate
decomposing - Nutrient loss trough soil erosion
- Traditional framing and cropping system
- Low nutrient use efficiency
8During the year 2005-06
- The local production of NPK was 2132 tones
- The imported supply of fertilizer was 1002 tones
- The off take of fertilizer was 2982 tones
9Fertilizer use in different provinces
- In Sindh it was 200 Kg/ha
- In Punjab about 125 Kg/ha
- In NWFP the consumption was 90 Kg/ha
- In Balochistan 80 Kg/ha
10How to increase fertilizer use efficiency?
- By following tactics fertilizer use efficiency
can be increased - 1-Type of fertilizer
- It depends on
- Soil fertility level
- Type of crop to be sown
11Nitrogenous Fertilizers
12Phosphatic Fertilizers
13Compound Fertilizers
142) Rate of fertilizer
- It depends on
- Type of soil
- Soil fertility level
- Lighter soils has less ability to capture
nutrients - Medium loam soil is considered to be the best
soils - On heavy soils fixation of nutrients occurs,
so current crop cannot make use of full nutrients
applied
153) Time of application
- It depends on
- Type and stage of crop growth
- Type of soil
- Moisture availability
164) Method of application
- Broad cast method
- Band application
- Drilling
- Foliar application
17Drilling
18Foliar application
19Foliar application of fertilizers
20Micronutrients Zinc
21Micronutrients Boron
22Fertilizer management in different areas
- 1- Management under dry land
- It mainly depends on
- Soil management
-
- Moisture availability
232- Management under multiple cropping
- In wheat-rice system
- In wheat-cotton system
- In inter cropping
243-Management in salt affected soil
- Nitrogen (N)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Potassium (K)
25 Introduction
- The production of livestock and poultry animals,
also known as animal agriculture - Animal waste includes
- livestock
- poultry manure
- bedding and litter
- dairy waste water
- feedlot runoff
- wasted feed
26Uses of Animal Waste
- Animal waste properly helps
- recover nutrients
- reduces the possibility of contaminating water
environment - as fertilizer.
- improve soil quality
- air quality and health
27Nutrient Cycle
28Environmentally Sound Animal Waste Management
- Recovering and using nutrients in solid and
liquid waste - Properly maintaining waste storage facilities and
applying waste to land at recommended rates - Controlling odors
- Animal health
29Management Practices
- limit waste runoff
-
- collect and store waste
-
- treat waste
-
- use waste, such as an
- organic fertilizer
30Effective Waste Management System
- collection
- transportation
- storage
-
- treatment and utilization
31Nutrient content of manure
Type of Manure Type of Manure Total N Total P2O5 Total K2O
Type of Manure Type of Manure Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
Liquid Liquid lb/1,000 gallons lb/1,000 gallons lb/1,000 gallons
Swine 49 35 25
Dairy W/out parlor waste 45 21 31
Dairy W/parlor waste 23 11 23
Beef 45 21 31
Poultry Pit 80 36 96
Solid Solid lb/ton lb/ton lb/ton
Dairy Feedlot Summer 17 9 16
Dairy Feedlot Winter 12 7 7
Dairy Bedded Pack 15 6 21
Poultry W/out litter 33 48 34
Poultry W/litter 56 45 34
.
32Percent of total N available
Type of manure Type of manure Year of application Year of application Year of application
Type of manure Type of manure 1 3 5
Swine or beef, liquid Incorporated 75 85 95
Swine or beef, liquid Not incorporated 50 65 75
Swine or beef, feedlot Stockpiled, incorporated 35 50 55
Dairy, fresh Incorporated 50 70 78
Dairy, liquid Incorporated 40 60 68
Dairy, fresh or liquid Not incorporated 25 35 45
Poultry Broiler litter 50 65 75
33Animal Waste Management Options
- Solid manure handling
- Slurry manure handling
- Dry stack storage
- Liquid manure handling
34Waste Management Plan
35Components of a Waste Management Plan
- Odor Control
- Insect Control
- Animal Mortality Management
- Waste and Soil Testing
- Record Keeping
- Waste Application Rates
36A Waste Management Plan
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38Use of Lagoon to Manage Waste
- A lagoon is a type of earth storage where
bacteria break down animal waste into
less harmful components - Designing a lagoon or storage pond
- Managing a lagoon or storage pond
- Pumping a lagoon or storage pond
39Anaerobic Lagoon Operating Levels
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41ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS, NITRATE, HEAVY METALS AND
PATHOGENS
- NITRATE
- Introduction
- Nitrate a source of N and used as fertilizer
- Immobilization
-
- Denitrification
42Sources of Nitrate
- Manures
- Sludge
- fertilizers
- Sewage water
43Effect of Nitrate
- Eutrophication.
- Digestive Tract Cancer
- Blue Baby Syndrome
44Factors Affecting Nitrate Contamination
- CLIMATE
- FERTILIZER
- Fertilizer application
- SOIL
45- Soil Type
- Soil thickness
- CROPS
- FARMING SYSTEM
46HEAVY METALS
- Heavy metal refers to any metallic element that
has relatively high density and is toxic or
poisonous at low concentrations. e.g. lead(Pb),
chromium(Cr). - Heavy metals tend to Bioaccumulate
-
- Heavy metals act as poisons.
47- Heavy metals in the soils are taken up by crops.
- These heavy metals enter the food chain when
animals eat these plants. - These heavy metals enter in the body of animals
and cause serious health problems.
48Sources of Heavy Metalsin water
- Industrial waste.
- Consumer waste.
- Automobile exhaust.
- Natural soils.
- Acid Rain breaking soils and releasing heavy
metals into streams, lakes , rivers and
groundwater.
49Sources of Heavy Metalsin soil
- Parent Material.
- Contaminated irrigation water.
- Atmospheric fallout especially around large
cities car fumes are sources of heavy metals e.g.
lead.
50ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF SOME IMPORTANT HEAVY MET
ALS
- ANTIMONY
- A metal used in batteries, pigments, ceramics and
glass. - Exposure to high levels of antimony for short
periods of time causes Nausea, Vomiting, and
Diarrhea. - However long term exposure may prove
Carcinogenic
51CADMIUM
- Used in nickel/cadmium batteries
- pigments and coatings of marine applications.
- It is also present as an impurity in the
phosphate fertilizers, detergents and refined
petroleum products. -
-
52- Cadmium is a mobile element in soil
- It is taken up by plants primarily through roots.
- Its Transfer to plants depends upon
- A. Its levels in the soil,
- B. ph value of soil
- C humus levels.
- There is an increased risk of accumulation even
at low soil levels of lt1 mg/kg, with ph values
under 6.5
53- Cadmium accumulates at different rates in a
single plant in its different parts -
- rootsgtleavesgtsproutsgtfruitsgtseeds.
- Cadmium uptake in crops can be reduced by
- raising soil ph by liming, as cadmium is more
available to plants in acid soils, selecting
cultivars, which take up less cadmium.
54- In humans long term exposure is associated with
renal disfunction. - High exposure of lead causes lung diseases .
- It may also produce bone defects (osteomalacia
and osteoporosis) in humans . - A large proportion of cadmium, which is ingested
by animals, is excreted but a small amount is
retained, mostly in liver and kidneys
55COPPER
- Copper is an essential substance to human life
- In high doses it can cause anemia, liver and
kidney damage, and stomach and intestinal
irritation. - Copper normally occurs in drinking water from
copper pipes, - From additives designed to control algal growth.
56LEAD
- Lead is used in leaded gasoline(tetra ethyl
lead),batteries, hair dyes, and leaded paints,
pipes, fittings of household plumbing systems
which contaminate the drinking water - Lead is harmful in very small amounts once
absorbed into our body it combines with and
inhibits the functioning of certain enzymes-often
with severe physiological or neurological
consequences. - Lead is a potent poison. Short-tem exposure to
high doses of lead can make you seriously ill. - Long-term overexposure can cause numerous health
problems, including anemia, damage to nervous
system and brain, kidney diseases, birth defects,
mental retardation - Today no level of lead is considered to be
actually safe.
57- Long-term overexposure can cause numerous health
problems, including anemia, damage to nervous
system and brain, kidney diseases, birth defects,
mental retardation - Today no level of lead is considered to be
actually safe.
58Mercury
- It is a global pollutant. The common areas where
it is found are Auto exhaust, pesticides,
fertilizers, drinking water(tap and well),
tanning leather, paint pigments and solvents,
cosmetics, batteries, air conditioner filters. - Most of the mercury in the water, soil,
sediments, or plants and animals is in the form
of inorganic mercury salts and organic forms of
mercury(methyl mercury). - Piscivorous (fish eating) birds and mammals are
more exposed to mercury. - Adverse effects of mercury on fish, birds and
mammals include reduced reproductive success,
impaired growth and development, and even death.
59FLUORIDE
- Fluoride in the water is essential for protection
against weakening of bones and teeth. - Its excess quantity causes the yellowing of teeth
and damage to spinal cord. - Main source is the industrial affluent.
60ARSENIC
- Its source is the phosphate fertilizer.
- Its high concentrations in water are harmful and
cause the liver damage - Nervous system damage and skin cancer.
61CHROMIUM
- It is used in metal alloys and pigments for
paints, cement, paper and rubber. - Its low level exposure can irritate skin and
cause ulceration. - Long term exposure can cause kidney and liver
damage, and damage to circulatory and nerve
tissues as well. - chromium often accumulates in aquatic life,
adding to the danger of eating fish.
62- STRATIGIES FOR SOIL WATER
-
- CONSERVATION WITH RELATION TO
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
63CONSERVATION
- The act of preserving from decay,loss or
- injury is called conservation.
64Soil Conservation
- 1.Conservatin tillage
- 2.Contour ploughing
- 3.Strip planting
- 4.Stubble planting
- 5.Terraces
- 6.Strip Disking
- 7.Strip Mowing
65- 8.Animal Wastes application
- 9.Composting
- 10.Wind Breaks
- 11.Contour Buffer Strips
- 12.Riparian Forests
- 13.Zero Tillage
- 14.Tree Planting
- 15.Crop Factors
66CONSERVATION TILLAGE
- In conservation tillage, crops are grown with
minimal cultivation of the soil. When the amount
of tillage is reduced, the stubble or plant
residues are not completely incorporated, and
most or all remain on top of the soil rather than
being plowed or disk ed into the soil. The new
crop is planted into this stubble or small strips
of tilled soil.
67CONTOUR PLOUGHING
One of the first procedures that resulted from
the dust bowl was the
technique of contour plowing. With contour
plowing the tractor operator will follow the
contours of the hillside, in effect going around
the sides of the hills following the contours of
the hillsides
68POTATO GROWN ON CONTOUR
69STRIP PLANTING
- In the dreams of the efficiency experts the ideal
farm would be flat and contain fields with
lengths of many miles. These large fields are
indeed very efficient because they reduce the
'turn around' time of tractors at the end of each
field. they also reduce the amount of non-planted
space at the edges of fields that give the
tractors the room they need to swing the long
pieces of equipment around as a proportion of
total field sp
70STUBBLE PLANTING
- This is a fairly new development that is well
suited to many of the grain and cereal crops. In
this method the old stubble of the years
harvested crop is not plowed in as was the
practice for centuries. Instead the inches high
stubble is left in place, any fertilizers and new
seed planted afterwards is inserted into the soil
through small slits cut into the soil by a razor
type device attached to the tractor, in other
words the soil is left virtually undisturbed
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72COVER CROPS
- Cover crops will in some rare instances act as a
'nurse crop' planted along with a cash crop, the
cover crop will generally germinate first, then
it will shade the tender cash crop as it grows.
This is a highly specialized operation, and much
research needs to be done in this technique
before it can be recommended for a particular
crop.
73 74STRIP DISKING
- Various crops according to nature are grown
- in form of strips in form of circular pattern
- conserving soil constituents
75Zero Tillage
- Appraisal of crops with no tillage and when
- they have good stand then give
-
- secondary tillage
76STRIP Mowing
- The pattern of grass cutting or harvesting of
- crops should be such one field should be
- harvested at one time.
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78WATER CONSERVATION
- 1.choice of vegetative cover
- 2.erosion prevention
- 3.salinity management
- 4.acidity control
- 5.encouraging health of beneficial soil organisms
- 6.prevention and remediation of soil
contamination
79- 7.no till farming
- 8.contour ploughing
- 9.wind rows
- 10.crop rotation
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81Rainwater harvesting
- 1.Domestic Use
- 2.Agricultural Use (Irrigation and Animal
Drinking Troughs) - It uses local construction materials and labor.
- Sources of energy are not needed to operate
- the systems. The owner/user can easily maintain
the systems.
82 RAIN WATER HARVESTING
83Fog Harvesting
- To capture the water from fog, rectangular
obstacles constructed of polypropylene mesh are
employed. These are usually placed perpendicular
to the prevailing flow of the clouds. The "fog
harvesters" are positioned 1.5 m above the
ground, and are supported on vertical posts. The
size of the harvesters depends on the
topographical conditions and the purpose for
which the water is to be used.
84Seawater/brackish water desalination
- . Water is pumped by submersible pumps to the
intake of the plant. The two other plants,
operated by Aqua Design (BVI) Ltd., obtain their
feed water from either shallow wells dug in the
alluvial deposits of the nearby valleys or wells
drilled at the shoreline (in the case of the
westernmost plant). The two plants operated by
Aqua Design (BVI) Ltd. on Virgin Gouda obtain
their feed water from an open-sea intake system.
85DESALINATION ON SHORES
86Recycling of industrial effluent
- Recycling of industrial effluent is now being
practiced by several industries to reduce the
demands on freshwater resources and to reduce
pollution of the environment. The recycling of
industrial effluent was spearheaded by the
bauxite/aluminum companies operating in Jamaica,
and they are the largest recyclers at the present
time. The bauxite/aluminum industry produces a
waste product known locally as "red mud," which
consists of over 70 water, enriched with caustic
soda and organics.
87Raised beds cultivation
- This technology is based on modification of
the soil surface to facilitate water movement and
storage, and to increase the organic content of
the soil to increase its suitability for
cultivation. This system of soil management for
irrigation purposes was first developed in the
year 300 B.C., before the rise of the Inca
Empire. It was later abandoned as more
technically advanced irrigation technologies were
discovered. Nevertheless, in 1984, in Tiawanaco,
Bolivia, and Puno, Peru, the system was
re-established. It is known in the region as Waru
Warn, which is the traditional Indian (Quechua)
name for this technique
88WARU WARU CULTIVATION