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Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality Assurance
Program- FSQA -

• Larry K. McMullen
• ISU Extension Swine Field Specialist
• Jones County Extension Office
• Anamosa, Iowa
• [phone]
• lkmcmull_at_iastate.edu

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Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality Assurance Program

• Good Production Practices

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Which cow would you select to produce the milk
that you drink ?
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Which steer for your Mickey D ?
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Which pig for your pork ?
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Which animal for your lamb, poultry, and rabbit
consumption?
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Food Safety Results in a Delicious Treat !
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FSQA Livestock Species

• All 4-H / FFA members who exhibit the following
  species need to be FSQA Certified
• Beef
• Bucket-Bottle Calves
• Dairy Cattle
• Goats (Dairy Meat)
• Poultry (Chicken, Turkey, Duck, Geese, etc)
• Rabbits
• Sheep
• Swine

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Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality Assurance Program

• Approximately 17 million pounds of meat are
  produced by Iowa 4-Hers each year. Less than 1
  of total production.
• Reputation of the 4-H program.
• 4-Hers need to be responsible to the consumer
  and the food industry. Industry requirements
  must be met and maintained.
• Many 4-Hers are further away from traditional
  food animal production.

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Who is responsible for SAFE FOOD ?

• All livestock producers, handlers, processors,
  food suppliers and consumers.

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Partners in SAFE FOOD
Food Supply Continuum
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Current Regulatory Agencies

• Food and Drug Administration
• Regulates medicated animal feed and most health
  products
• Approves products and sets tolerance levels for
  antimicrobials

• Sets tolerance levels for pesticides used in
  animal production

• Food Safety and Inspection Service
• Inspects carcasses in Federally inspected packing
  plants
• Examines plant sanitation
• Approves plant sanitation

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Activity

• Handout Producing Safe Foods Includes No
  Residue in Show Animals.

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HACCP and Food Safety
Hazard Analysis and Critical
Control Points

• A system used in meat packing plants to prevent
  food safety problems
• Regulated by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection
  Service (FSIS)

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HACCP

• Identify potential hazards (risks)
• Identify critical control points (where it might
  happen)
• Set a critical limit (maximum allowable level)
• Monitor the process
• Plan corrective action
• Keep accurate records
• Review the process regularly

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HACCP and Food Safety
Hazards can be identified as

• Microbial contamination
• Bacteria, virus, protozoa,
• Chemical hazards
• Antimicrobial and chemical tissue residues
• Physical hazards
• Broken needles or metal

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HACCP and 4-H?

• Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
• (HACCP)
• Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality Assurance
  Program
• (FSQA)

• Food Industry
• 4-H food producers

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4-Hers Responsibilities

• Understand and follow the seven Good Production
  Practices
• Produce safe food products for consumers

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Good Production Practices

1. Keep accurate records
2. Veterinary Client Patient Relationship
3. Healthy production practices
4. Proper care and handling
5. Provide adequate and safe feed
6. Biosecurity and Animal Welfare
7. Exhibit strong character traits (ethics)

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FSQA Training Options

• Juniors Ages 9 -11 must attended every year.
• Intermediates Ages 12 14 (January 1) May
  attend an FSQA session every year or they may
  test out until they reach a 4-H senior level at
  age 15.
• Seniors Ages 15 -18 (January 1) May attend an
  FSQA session every year or they may test out. At
  the age of 19 they must obtain an adult status
  with PQA or BQA.
• Check with your county extension office for other
  specific requirements !

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Testing Out of FSQA

• Intermediates and Seniors may test out of
  attending yearly FSQA sessions.
• To do so they must take a 20 (I) or 30 (S)
  question exam and receive a 70 passing score.
• At one setting, they may take a different exam 3
  times if necessary to pass.
• Check with your county extension office for the
  testing dates / times and for any specific
  requirements for testing out.

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Resources

• Iowa 4-H Food Safety Quality Assurance Member
  Manual
• Iowa 4-H Food Safety Quality Assurance Web site
  http//www.extension.iastate.edu/4H/Agriculture/vo
  lunteers.htm
• PQA Level III
• Iowa BQA Manual
• 4-H Project Manuals

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GPPs In Depth 2007

• GPP 5 Adequate and Safe Feed
• GPP 6 Biosecurity and Animal Welfare
• GPP 7 Ethics

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• Adequate and Safe Feed

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Feeding Program

• Goal ---Most economical conversion of nutrients
  into lean (muscle) tissue growth or milk
  production while maintaining animal well-being
  and increasing the quality of the animal as well
  as protecting the surrounding environment

Needs ---Quality IngredientsProper
FormulationQuality Manufacturing limiting
unnecessary ingredients
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• What Impacts Nutrition?

Age / Weight
Genetics
Variation
Gender
NutrientRequirement
Thermal Climate
Disease
Social Climate
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Digestive Systems

• Monogastric (Simple Stomach)
• Consumes diets high in energy low in fiber
  ex cereal grains (corn, barley, oats, wheat) and
  high protein sources such as soybean meal, fish
  meal, etc.
• Ruminant (Four compartments to the Stomach)
• Consumes diets low in energy and high in fiber
  ex Forages such as pasture, hay, corn and
  alfalfa silage, etc.

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Activity

• Handout Digestive Tract of Farm Animals

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Digestive Systems
Monogastric Monogastric Monogastric Ruminants
Swine Poultry Rabbit Horse Beef Dairy Cattle, Sheep and Goats
Mouth Mouth Mouth Mouth
Esophagus Esophagus Esophagus Esophagus
Crop
Stomach Stomach Stomach RumenReticulumOmasumAbomasum
Small Intestine Small Intestine Small Intestine Small Intestine
Cecum Ceca Cecum (enlarged) Cecum
Colon Colon
Large Intestine Large Intestine Large Intestine Large Intestine
Anus Cloaca Anus Anus
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Chicken
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Ruminant Digestion assisted by microbes in
four-chambered stomach
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Cow _________________________________________
Esophagus
Large intestine (33, 8 gal)
Cecum (3, 3 gal)
Rumen (paunch) (43 gal)
Mouth
Abomasum (glandular) (5 gal)
Reticulum (honeycomb) (2.5 gal)
Small intestine (150, 16 gal)
Omasum (4 gal)
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Pig _________________________________________
Stomach (2 gal)
Large Intestine (16, 2 gal)
Esophagus
Mouth
Cecum (10, 0.5 gal)
Small intestine (60, 2.5 gal)
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Capacity of Digestive Tracts
Human Pig Horse Sheep Cattle
BW, lb 165 400 1000 175 1275
Rumen, Reticulum Omasum Abomasum Total stomach. Qt. 1 1 9 9 9 9 18 1 2 21 133 21 16 170
Small intestine Cecum Large intestine Total GI Quarts Total GI - Gallons 4 1 6 1.5 10 1 10 30 7.5 29 15 43 96 24 6 1 3 31 7.75 69 11 27 277 69
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Balanced Diet

• Energy
• Protein
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Fat
• Water

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Adequate and Safe Feed

• Read and retain feed labels
• Understand the nutrient needs of the animal
• Provide a balanced ration
• Ensure feed quality and safety
• Follow Good Manufacturing Practices

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Adequate and Safe Feed

• Feed labels must contain
• Brand and/or product name
• Intended species and production phase
• Medicated
• Guaranteed Analysis
• Ingredients
• Feeding Directions or Mixing Directions
• Warning or Caution
• Manufacturers name and address
• Net Weight

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Activity

• Handout Feed Tag Information

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Nutrients in a diet

• Energy (Carbohydrates Essential Fatty Acids)
• Corn, Barley, Wheat, Cereal by-products, Fat

• Protein Amino Acids
• Soybean Meal, Fish Meal, Grains, etc.

• Minerals
• Limestone, Dicalcium Phosphorus, Iron, Zinc, etc.

• Vitamins
• Vitamin A, D, E Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic
  Acid

• Water

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Ingredients

• Free of molds and mycotoxins

• High Quality ..
• and no contamination

• Proper nutrient content
• If not reformulate diets

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Livestock Water Requirements

• The most important nutrient that you can give to
  your animal
• Water constitutes 60 -70 of an animals live
  weight
• An animal can live 45 60 days without food
  but only 3 7 days without water

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Relationship between Water and Feed

• Water quality and quantity will affect feed
  consumption and animal health
• Therefore, if you want maximum gain or production
  from your animals water quality and quantity must
  be considered.
• Think about the Derby contests ! Milk production
  ! Animal growth for the fair!
• Are you monitoring your water supply? Has it
  been tested !

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Feed Additives

• Antibacterial agents
• Medications used to improve health and
  performance
• FDA approved
• Antibiotics

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Feed Additives

• Growth modulators
• Compound that alters nutrient use in animal
• Ractopamine hydrochloride (Elanco Animal Health)
  sends energy into muscle growth instead of fat
• PAYLEAN - Swine
• OPTAFLEXX- Cattle
• Probiotics
• Living bacteria or yeast to enhance digestive
  tract
• Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Bacillus

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Activity

• Handout Paylean and Optaflex Labels

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Paylean Example of dilution in a diet

• Added to a diet at 9 grams / ton
• Ton 2000 lbs
• 1 lb 454 grams
• 2000 x 454 908,000 grams
• Ratio of 907, 991 9 908,000 grams or 1 ton
• Analogy 1 gram 1 person
• Iowa population is 3,000,000 people - so
  compare mixing 9 people in 1/3 of the population
  of Iowa. (Des Moines is 200,000 people (or
  mixing 2 people in Des Moines)

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Feed Additives

• Anthemintics (dewormers)
• Feed Water - Injection
• Organic acids
• Reduces stomach pH which can increase protein
  digestion
• Reduces coliforms in intestines
• Preserves feed quality
• Citric acid, fumaric acid (non-ruminants)

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Feed Processing

• Grinding (Hammermill or Roller Mill)
• Increases surface area to improve digestion
• Corn, oats, barley, wheat, etc.

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Feed Processing

• Pelleting
• Finely ground material, steamed and extruded
• Reduces waste and dust in feed
• Reduces animal sorting
• More costly
• Increases feed efficiency less feed per lb. of
  gain

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Feed Processing

• Extruding
• Usually done to individual ingredients of ration
• Dog food
• Ground material forced through a die under
  pressure

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Feed Processing

• Roasting
• Soybeans contain anti-nutritional factor that
  must be heated to inactivate it before feeding to
  swine

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Feed Handling Storage

• Identify feed
• Keep storage area clean
• Number or label bins
• Inspect steel bins for leaks, mold
• Control rodents
• Clean up spills
• Do not store near chemicals

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Feeding Livestock

• Limit feeding
• Sow fed 5 feed per day
• Beef cattle fed once per day
• Self feeding
• Feed remains in bunk / feeders at all time for
  animal consumption

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Feeding Livestock

• Provide enough feeder space
• Keep equipment in good repair
• Avoid spills to control rodents
• Adjust feeders to reduce waste
• Monitor feeders daily to be sure feed is
  available
• Adjust feeding amount daily so leftovers dont
  spoil

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Feeding Livestock

• Watch for sortingindicates quality problems
• Plenty of water
• Clean waters frequently
• Clean feed system after using medicated feeds
• Clean and disinfect feed and water equipment
  between groups

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Feeder and Bunk Management

• Regularly check the feeder adjustment
• Minimize the feed wastage the average feeder
  loss is approximately 5 to 10
• Monitor feed bunks for wasted and moldy
  feedstuffs
• Bunk wastage variable due to feeding skills,
  feedstuff quality, and weather environment

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Good Manufacturing Practices

• Buildings and grounds
• Clean, neat and pest free
• Equipment
• Accurate, well maintained, cleanable
• Work space and storage areas
• Separated to prevent contamination
• Product quality assurance
• Cleanout procedures to prevent contamination
  carryover
• Labeling
• Label all medications, retain labels, store
  separately
• Recordkeeping
• Include delivery date, method, carrier, record
  medications, retain for at least one year after
  feed is used, store samples for 6 months

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Adequate and Safe Feed
Keep all feed labels for one year 1997FDA
banned feeding restricted mammalian proteins from
rendered animals to ruminant animals (meat, bone
meal) This is the documentation 4-Hers sign
before selling their animals.
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GGP 6 Adequate and Safe FeedImplications to
Food Safety and Consumer Acceptance ?

• Correct withdrawal time for feed drugs
• Proper use of feed additives
• Diet composition may affect the muscle quality
  (taste, tenderness, and juiciness)
• Grass fed vs. grain fed cattle, sheep, goats.
• High fat, DDGS, etc. in pigs increases backfat
  
• Range fed vs confinement fed poultry

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• Biosecurity and Animal Welfare

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How do diseases spread?

• Vectors
• Direct contact
• Excretions
• Manure
• Urine
• Nasal fluids
• Aerosol fluids
• First line of defense.SEGREGATION

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What are some examples of animal diseases and
parasites ?

• PCVAD (cirovirus)
• Mange / lice
• Worms (roundworm)
• Dysentery
• Pseudorabies
• Foot and Mouth
• Brucellosis
• Anthrax

• Clostridial
• Leptospirosis
• Coliform diseases (E Coli)
• Salmonella
• Club Fungus
• Newcastle disease
• West Nile Fever

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GPP 6Maintain Biosecurity

• External - Reduce disease spread risk from
  outside the farm
• Unit location and maintenance
• Transportation Controls
• Isolation, acclimatization, and retesting
• Visitor entry policies
• Limit traffic of people and vehicles
• Boot cleaning and disinfecting

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Unit Location

• Diseases spread by wind, machines
• Control rodents, wildlife, birds
• Clean up around buildings
• Mowing
• Keep doors closed
• Fix cracks and screens
• Clean up spilled feed
• Bait

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Transportation Controls

• Clean and disinfect trailers
• Give drivers disposable boots
• Family loadskeep driver in truck
• Do not allow animals to get back off the truck
• Keep feed trucks out of animal areas
• Limit visitors
• Farm boots vs. town boots

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Isolation

• Keep all new animals away from other animals (30
  days)
• If entering animals are coming down with a
  disease, they will show symptoms soon
• If the originating farm develops a disease after
  the animals leave, they could be exposed
• Isolate after livestock shows

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Visitor Entry Policies

• Identify production areas with signs
• Some facilities require signing book
• Generally 24 72 hours from livestock to enter a
  livestock facilities
• 7-days required if visitor from a foreign country
• Give disposable boots
• Wash hands before and after entry
• May require shower in shower out

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GPP 6Maintain Biosecurity

• Internal - Reduce disease spread within the herd
• Herd examination with veterinarian
• Utilize diagnostic tests
• Routine post-mortems
• Slaughter checks
• Review records regularly

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Internal Biosecurity

• Cleaning and Disinfecting
• Remove manure
• Disinfect pens between groups
• Develop a biosecurity plan

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Internal Biosecurity

• Vaccination vs. immunization
• Animal movement
• Separate ages
• Do not add new animals without isolation
• People movement
• Visit healthy groups first
• Chore from youngest to oldest age animal
• Change or disinfect boots between farm units

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Maintain Biosecurity

• Internal - Reduce disease spread within the herd
• Herd examination with veterinarian
• Utilize diagnostic tests
• Routine post-mortems
• Slaughter checks
• Review records regularly

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Activity

• Handout Black Light Demo of Disease Spread

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Activity

• Handout Bio-Security and Fairs What You Need
  to Know

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Animal Welfare vs. Animal Rightsdefined by
American Veterinary Medical Association

• Animal Welfare is a human responsibility that
  encompasses all aspects of animal well-being,
  including proper housing, management, disease
  prevention and treatment, responsible care,
  humane handling, and when necessary, humane
  euthanasia.

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Animal Welfare vs. Animal Rightsdefined by
American Veterinary Medical Association

• Animal Rights is a philosophical view that
  animals have rights similar or the same as
  humans.
• True animal rights proponents believe that humans
  do not have the right to use animals at all.
• Animal rights proponents wish to ban all use of
  animals by humans.

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Animal Welfare - Groups

• National Pork Board Introducing in June PQA
  Plus combines the old Pork Quality Assurance
  (PQA) and Swine Welfare Assurance Program (SWAP)
  into one program
• Animal Welfare Institute (AWI)
• American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
  Animals (ASPCA)
• Animal Protection Institute (API)
• Numerous other groups

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Animal Rights - Groups

• People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
  (PETA)
• Humane Society of the United States (HSUS)
• Animal Liberation Front (ALF)
• Farm Sanctuary
• Farm Animal Reform Movement (FARM)
• Numerous other groups

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The 4-Her and Animal Welfare

• Health of Animal Valid Veterinarian-Client-
  Patient Relationship (VCPR)
• Proper pen space
• Receiving adequate water and feed
• Temperature and housing environment
• Proper nutrition
• Proper animal handling
• Proper and timely animal euthanasia
• NO WILLFUL ACTS OF ABUSE TO ANIMALS !

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Livestock Exhibition Shows

• REMEMBER
• SOMEBODY MAY BE WATCHING YOU AND RECORDING YOUR
  ACTIONS !!

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Current Issues in Animal Production
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Bird Flu

• Avian Influenza Bird Flu
• Can impact all birds domestic and wild
• Virus
• Common strain is H5N1 (highly pathogenic)
• Can mutate
• Potential to infect human via poultry
• Cooked properly - poultry products are safe to
  eat

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Livestock Production vs. Ethanol

• Rising corn price 3.50 - 4.00 per bushel
  for livestock production due to demand for
  ethanol production.
• DDGS Distillers Dried Grain Soluble a
  by-product of the Ethanol industry as a feed
  source for livestock
• Replacement of employment opportunities

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Iowa Animal Identification Program

• Premises Identification Number National Animal
  Identification System (NAIS)
• Unique Premises ID number assigned to every
  location involved in handling livestock.
• Animals on farm Bison/Cattle, Swine, Poultry,
  Goats, Sheep, Horses, Elk, Deer, Llamas, Emu,
  Ostrich
• Currently voluntary may be mandatory in future
• Consider obtaining a Premises Identification
  Number

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Bio-Terrorism Threat

• Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) Outbreak Could it
  happen in the United States, Iowa, Your County,
  Your Township, YOUR FARM?
• Need to be able to identify and track animals
• If so Tremendous Implications
• Stop movement on all livestock
• Economic Impact
• Logistic of coping with an outbreak
• Currently FAD Plans are being made in all
  counties in Iowa and the USA.
• Therefore, the need for a premises identification
  number

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Exhibit Good Ethics

• Just do the right thing!

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Ethics

• Ethics is the demonstration of good character
  traits.
• (Caring, Respect, Trustworthiness, Fairness,
  Responsibility, Citizenship)
• Knowing and doing the right thing.

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Ethics and Livestock Shows
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Ethics and Livestock Shows
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Ethics and Livestock Shows
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Ethics and Livestock Shows
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Activity

• Handout
• Iowa Youth Code of Ethics Sample copy

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Ethics

• Refer to the Iowa Code of Ethics Handout
• Do you know what is in the Iowa Code of Ethics
  that you have signed ? ? ? ?
• What previously discussed items done in an
  unethical manner could affect food safety to the
  consumer ?

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Ethics and You !(Which person are you ?)
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ReviewGood Production Practices

1. Keep accurate records
2. Establish a Veterinary Client Patient
   Relationship
3. Follow healthy production practices
4. Provide proper care and handling
5. Provide adequate and safe feed
6. Maintain biosecurity
7. Exhibit strong character traits (ethics)

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Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality Assurance Program

• Good Production Practices
• Healthy Animals
• Safe Food

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From the Farm to Harvest to Consumer

• Are You Supplying A Safe and Wholesome Food
  Product to the Consumer ?

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A Safe Food Product to the Consumer Supplied by
Iowa 4-H FFA Members
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Food Safety and Quality Assurance

• County Livestock Information Weigh-in, fair
  rules, etc.
• State Fair Weigh-In Information
• Health Requirements for exhibition

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Thank You for Attending the FSQA Program

• Are there any Questions ?