Title: Organic Compounds
1Organic Compounds
2Carbon A special element
- All of lifes substances are carbon based
- Compounds that contain the element carbon
Organic compounds - The structure of carbon allows it to make up to 4
covalent bonds with other molecules - This makes it a GREAT
- building block!
3Some typical carbon compound drawings
- Carbon can form chain molecules
4The Chemistry of Carbon
- Carbon can bond with itself and many elements
- Carbon can from single, double,
- and triple bonds
- Bonds energy and strength
5- Macromolecules- giant organic molecules (make up
living cells) - Made up of monomers bonded together ? Polymers
- Monomers - smaller single units
- Polymers more than two monomers
- bonded together by dehydration synthesis
6Dehydration Synthesis reaction
- Attaching monomers to make a BIGGER polymers
- A water molecule is removed to make compounds
unstable ? monomers bonding together to make
polymers
7Hydrolysis Reaction
- Breaking polymers apart to make smaller monomers
- A water molecule is used to cut the big molecule
into two - -lysis to break down
- Ex amylose ? many molec. of maltose
- (poly) ? many (di)
8Hydrolysis Reaction
What happens to this water molecule?
9Recap for reaction types
10Life Substances/Macromolecules
- There are 4 main organic compounds that make up
living things - i.e., the 4 most important life substances are
1. Nucleic Acids 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4.
Carbohydrates
111. Nucleic Acids
- Store and transmit hereditary or genetic
information - (RNA and DNA)
- RNA- ribonucleic acid
- DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
- DNA has a double helix structure
DNA
12The elements found in nucleic acids
C, H, N, O, P
Monomers of nucleic acids - 3 basic units
phosphate, sugar and a nitrogen base
NUCLEOTIDE
13Nucleic Acids
- Are read to determine amino acids
- Chains of amino acids ? proteins
- Proteins determine all traits functions of org!
14So how do you get a blue pumpkin?
- Different (mutated) DNA in seeds ? altered
proteins made in pumpkin - Different proteins different traits, cellular
functions, pigments, shapes, etc
152. Proteins
- Provide the structure of living things
- Regulate chemical reactions in the cell
- DNA produces Proteins
- Proteins carry out DNAs instructions!
16Examples of Proteins
- structural proteins- hair, nails,
muscles (all meats are protein)
- Functional proteins immune system, hormones,
receptor proteins
- enzymes speed up chemical reactions
17Table 5.1 An Overview of Protein Functions
18Elements found in proteins
C, H, N, O, P and S
Protein monomer
19Monomer Amino Acid
- Amino Acids are compounds with an amino end (NH2
and a carboxyl end (COOH) - 20 different amino acids are commonly found in
proteins
20?aas link together in various combinations to
form different proteins Order of aa determined by
DNA type of protein made ?Ex skin protein
(type), muscle protein (type), pigment (type),
receptor (type) etc
21All proteins
- are long chains of amino acids
- are held together by covalent peptide bonds
- Peptide Bond Carbon -Nitrogen
- Formed by dehydration synthesis rxn
- are also called polypeptides
-
22- Protein Structure
- (1)Primary Structure- amino acid sequence in a
polypeptide chain - (2)Secondary Structure- polypeptide chains
hydrogen bonded into a helix form - (3)Tertiary Structure- one complete protein chain
clumped up - (4)Quaternary Structure- many protein lumps stuck
together - Structure determines function!!!!
23Review the four levels of protein structure
24Denaturation and renaturation of a proteinDue
to heat, acidity, basicity
25Enzymes special proteinsnames usually end in
ase
- Enzymes are proteins that act as biological
catalysts (speed up a reaction) - Activation energy- energy needed to get a
reaction started - Catalyst A substance that speeds up the rate of
a chemical reaction
26Enzymes
- Enzymes act as a site of a reaction and are not
used up - Enzyme binds substrate and speed up the reaction
to make products - Substrate The starting molecules for a chemical
reaction. - Enzyme substrate complex a transitional step
when the substrates are bound to the enzyme. - Active site The area on the enzyme where the
substrate or substrates attach to.
27Enzymes induced fit model
- This model states that the initial interaction
between enzyme and substrate is relatively weak,
and thus can induce changes in the enzyme that
strengthen binding.
28Factors that can affect enzyme activity
- Concentration of enzymes
- Concentration of substrate
- Competitive inhibitors
- Temperature
- Acidity, basicity
29Examples of Enzymes in the Human Body
- Over 1,000 in the Human Body
- Digestive enzymes (amylase) break down carb
polymers into glucose (monomer) - Peroxidase breaks down harmful H2O2 in animal
cells - Hepatic enzymes change toxins in the body to less
toxic substances
30Spider webs are made of protein
31Lab test for proteins
- Biuret Reagent Test
- -liquids that contain protein will turn
purple/lavender in the presence of Biuret Reagent
32Recap for proteins
- DNA makes proteins proteins determine everything
about an organism. - made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
- enzymes or structural
- the chains (polymer) are made of amino acids
(monomer) - They are held together by PEPTIDE bonds
- There are 4 levels of protein structure
- Enzymes are a special proteins that aid in
chemical reactions