Organic Farming of Vegetable Crop

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VSC- 591 MASTER SEMINAR
ORGANIC FARMING OF VEGETABLE CROPS
BY VAIBHAV GANESHRAO LAJURKAR Ph.D.
(Scholar) Department of Horticulture PGI, Dr.
P.D.K.V Akola
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INTRODUCTION

• The green revolution of 1960s

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INTRODUCTION

• The green revolution of 1960s
• Conventional agricultural practices

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INTRODUCTION

• The green revolution of 1960s
• Conventional agricultural practices
• Sujalam Suphalam Malayaja Sheethalam

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WHY ORGANIC FARMING?
ILL EFFECTS OF GREEN REVOLUTION

• Decline in soil quality
• Increase in pest resurgence
• Adverse affect on Human health
• Loss of bio-diversity
• Pollution due to agrochemicals
• Danger to food security, quality and safety

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Organic farming
Organic farming is a production system which
avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic
compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth
regulators and livestock feed additives.
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Concept of organic farming

• System approach
• Maintaining soil alive in good health
• Biologically derived nutrients
• Non-chemical weed management
• Eco-friendly pest and disease management

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Benefits of organic farming

• Avoids environmental pollution
• Production of safe and quality food
• Improves soil health
• Optimum utilization of natural resources

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Limitation of organic farming

• Required in bulk
• Slow releasing of nutrient
• Lack of natural resources
• Comparatively low production
• Pest and disease control is preventive

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Organic farming scenario

• Globally 130 countries
• 31 million ha (Singh,2012)

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• India- Over 4.71 mha
• 10th rank in the world
• (Shukla et al., 2013)

Organic state
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Organic districts
Area under Organic cultivation ----- 6.50 Lakh
Ha. Area Registered for Certification
-----1.14 Lakh Ha. (Anonymous,
2012)
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• Vasant Gayakwad
• (cucumber, brinjal, ridge gourd, okra,)
• Yeknath More
• (Brinjal, cucumber, okra, chilli, tomato,
  bottle gourd)
• Vinayak Mahajan
• (Rice, cashew, mango, prlmillet)
• Vasant Gangavane

Organic Farms
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Organic certification agency in India

• Association for promotion of Organic Farming
  (APOF)
• Indian Society for Certificationof organic
  products (ISCOP)
• Indian Organic Certification Agency (INDOCERT)
• Skal lnspection and Certification Agency
• IMO Control Pvt. Ltd
• Ecocert International
• Bioinspectra
• International Resources for Fair Trade (IRFD)
• One Cert Asia
• National Organic Certification Association (NOCA)

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Effect of biofertilizers on enhancement of
growth and yield on Tomato (Lycopersicum
esculentum Mill.)
Table 1. Effect of biofertilizers on growth and
yield of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)
Treatments Plant height (cm) Number of leaves per plant Number of fruits per plant Yield per plant (g) Avg. fruit wt. per plant (g)
T0-Control 55.190.86a 110.820.99a 19.121.68a 428.418.12a 18.340.74a
T1-Azotobacter 58.120.61b 115.250.44b 22.542.85ab 502.235.67b 24.550.74b
T2-Azospirillum 50.520.61a 115.830.59b 23.381.77ab 492.197.26a 21.330.92b
T3-Azotobacter Azospirillum 60.370.71b 119.240.36c 24.830.81c 518.479.33c 25.360.69ab
Values are meansSD. Values in a row followed by
the same letters are not significantly different
(P lt 0.05) according to Duncans Multiple Range
Test (DMRT)
Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu
Ramakrishnan, K. and G. Selvakumar , 2012
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Effect of Organic Fertilizers Application on
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomatoes in North
Kordofan (sandy soil) western Sudan
Table 2. Effects of organic fertilizers
application on tomatoes yield
  Treatments Fruits (No./plant) Fruits Marketable yield(Kg) Weight of 10 fruits(Kg) Fruits yield (ton/ha)
Compost 36.0a 11.3a 1.1a 21.5a
Cattle manure 31.0bc 6.1b 0.8c 13.6c
Chicken manure 30.0c 6.7b 0.9bc 16.1bc
Chicken cattle 34.0Ab 9.3a 1.0b 19.4ab
Control 16.0d 3.7c 0.5d 10.0d
Mean 29.5 7.4 0.9 16.1
SE 0.92 0.46 0.02 0.27
CV 6.24 14.61 7.62 15.55
Significant at (P0.01) level, a, b, c, d, e
means in the same column under the same factor
with different letters are significantly
different according to Duncan Multiple Range Test
(DMRT).
Ibrahim H. and O. Fadni 2013
Agriculture Research Corporation (ARC), Sudan,
Elobied
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Effects of chicken manure as component of organic
production on yield and quality of eggplant
(Solanum melongena L.) fruits.
Table 3 Average eggplant total yield/hectare
Treatment Total yield / hectare(ton) Total yield / hectare(ton) Total yield / hectare(ton)
Treatment 1st season 2nd season 3rd season
Chicken manure 10m3 3.08ab 13.73bc 19.42bc
Chicken manure 15m3 8.50a 20.85ab 37.59a
Chicken manure 20m3 4.66ab 37.83a 34.44ab
Urea superphosphate 2.71ab 20.48ab 8.41cd
Control 2.23b 04.73c 1.28d
Means with the same letter(s) are not
significantly different using (DMRT) at P lt 0.05
Mohamed et al., 2011
University of Sciences and Technology, Sudan
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Growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill.) as influenced by different
organic fertilizers
Table 4. Effect of organic fertilizers on
flowering and yield of tomato crop
Organic fertilizers NumberFlowers /plant NumberFruit /plant Fruit Weight g/plant Yield t/ha
Municipal waste composte 104 26 1542.6 33
Poultry manure 98 22 1312.2 30
Cow manure 93 18 1256.0 27
Sheep manure 89 17 1002.3 24
No Fertilizer 80 13 719.6 17
Mohammad et al., 2013
Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Iran
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Effects of different levels of decomposed poultry
manure on yield of cabbage (brassica oleraceae
l.) at anse Boileau, Seychelles
Table 5 Yield components of cabbage at the
different levels of decomposed poultry manure for
the year 2003 and 2004
Treatments Mean head length (cm) Mean head length (cm) Mean head width (cm) Mean head width (cm) Mean weight of non-wrapper leaves (g) Mean weight of non-wrapper leaves (g) Mean head weight per plant (kg) Mean head weight per plant (kg) Yield (t/ha) Yield (t/ha)
Treatments 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004
0 t/ha 7.7 8.9 8.6 9.2 10.2 9.8 0.64 0.76 24.3 25.6
10 t/ha 10.4 11.3 11.2 12.7 10.5 10.9 0.95 0.94 29.4 29.8
20 t/ha 10.6 11.3 11.8 12.7 11.3 10.5 0.97 0.99 30.3 31.0
30 t/ha 11.8 13.2 12.9 13.4 11.6 12.4 1.30 1.26 35.6 34.8
40 t/ha 9.7 11.0 11.7 11.6 10.7 11.0 0.86 0.93 31.4 29.9
Means 10.0 11.1 11.2 11.9 10.9 10.9 0.94 0.98 30.2 30.2
LSD0.05 2.4 4.1 3.7 3.4 NS 3.8 0.2 0.1 3.7 3.2
CV() 9.46 7.20 6.32 4.80 9.34 8.10 13.41 15.63 6.69 8.20
Ijoyah et al., 2009
Department of Crop Production, University of
Agriculture, Nigeria
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The effect of three liquid bio-fertilizers in the
production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and
cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata)
Table 6. Observation of the variables head
weight, hardness, diameter and yield of lettuce
and cabbage.
Treatment Head weight (g) Head weight (g) Hardness (psi) Hardness (psi) Diameter(cm) Diameter(cm) Yield (t ha-1) Yield (t ha-1)
Treatment Lettuce Cabbage Lettuce Cabbage Lettuce Cabbage Lettuce Cabbage
BFPi 668.13 ab 1246.25 ab 7.29 a 19.93 a 13.06 c 20.45 ab 19.05 b 38.40 b
BFGp 969.34 a 1615.75 a 10.47 a 21.02 a 15.32 ab 22.99 a 24.68 a 48.40 a
BFC 880.47 a 1428.75 ab 9.70 a 22.12 a 16.04 a 22.53 ab 23.80 a 48.68 a
Control 522.79 b 1066.48 b 7.46 a 19.34 a 12.66 c 19.29 b 16.30 b 30.58 c
Means with the same letter(s) are not
significantly different using (DMRT) at P lt 0.05
Criollo et al., 2011
Centro MultisectorialLOPE-SENA Regional Narino
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Effects of organic manures and chemical
fertilizers on the yield of brinjal and soil
properties
Table 7. Effect of organic and chemical
fertilizer on growth, yield and yield
contributing characters of brinjal.
Treatment No. of branches plant-1 Length of fruit (cm) Diameter of fruit (cm) No. of Fruits/plant Fruit weight/plant (kg) Fruit yield (t/ha)
T1- Cowdung 15.20d 10.01e 2.52c 11.70c 1.49b 36.65c
T2-Mustard oil cake 17.30bc 12.05c 2.96b 13.10b 1.72ab 40.00b
T3-Poultry manure 18.50b 13.42b 3.09b 14.40a 1.88a 42.00b
T4-Chemical fertilizer 16.67c 11.03d 2.77bc 12.20bc 1.53b 39.50b
T5-organic inorganic 20.10a 14.11a 4.30a 15.20a 1.97a 45.50a
CV() 4.65 3.01 6.76 4.94 9.14 4.75
Means with the same letter(s) are not
significantly different using (DMRT) at P lt 0.05
Ullah et al., 2008
Horticultural Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural
University (BAU)
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Effect of inorganic and biofertilizers on
production of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.
var. botrytis)
Table 8. Effect of inorganic and biofertilizers
on growth, yield and quality of cauliflower cv.
Snowball-16
Treatments   Height of plant (cm) No. of leaves per plant  Gross weight of plant (kg) Average weight of curd (kg) Ascorbic acid (mg/100g) Yield (q/ha)
T1 -Recommended dose of NPK _at_1206060 Kg/ha 53.16 20.55 2.10 0.94 52.00 236.46
T2- Azos. 75 N and Rec. dose of P K 56.00 22.25 2.68 0.95 53.90 246.80
T3 -Azos Rec. dose of NPK 65.10 24.88 3.30 1.09 56.80 286.06
T4- Azot. 75 N and Rec. dose of P K 54.18 22.23 2.60 0.99 54.10 243.73
T5- Azot. Rec. dose of NPK 61.70 24.49 2.95 1.06 55.30 267.66
T6 -PSB 75 P and Rec. dose of N K 55.10 21.33 2.53 0.94 53.50 248.53
T7 -PSB Rec. dose of NPK 59.80 22.44 2.80 0.98 54.20 266.90
T8 -VAM 75 P and Rec. dose of N K 52.70 22.40 2.55 0.87 53.20 230.73
T9 -VAM Rec. dose of NPK 54.60 22.65 2.48 0.93 55.60 247.64
SEm 2.01 0.83 0.11 0.033 2.17 9.04
C.D. at 5 6.02 2.50 0.34 0.099 NS 27.12
Department of Vegetable Science, NDUAT, Faizabad
Singh et al., 2005
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Effect of organics and biofertilizers on
productivity potential in carrot (Daucus carota
L.)
Table 9. Influence of organics and biofertilizers
on fresh weight of root at different stages in
carrot
  Treatments   40 DAS (g/plant)   60 DAS (g/plant)   Harvest (g/plant)   Yield (q/ha)
  T1 - RDF   15.95   38.23   7.80   166.32
  T2 - RDF vermicompost (2.0 t/ha)   22.18   40.66   53.60   235.84
  T3 - RDF vermicompost (3.0 t/ha)   23.14   47.20   58.80   258.72
  T4 - RDF FYM (5 t/ha)   22.81   45.70   58.20   256.08
  T5 - RDF FYM (10 t/ha)   21.98   40.10   49.00   215.60
  T6 - RDF Azospirillum (500 g/ha)   24.55   53.83   73.40   322.96
  T7 - RDF poultry manure (2.5 t/ha)   22.34   41.30   57.20   251.68
  T8 - RDF poultry manure (5 t/ha)   23.26   52.76   71.70   315.48
  T9 - RDF PSB (4 kg/ha)   21.56   38.53   40.30   177.32
  T10 - RDF neem cake (200 kg/ha)   23.17   49.20   60.00   277.20
  T11 - RDF press mud (2 t/ha)   21.69   38.80   43.60   191.84
  Mean   22.06   44.21   55.15   242.64
  SE m   1.25   1.48   2.00   7.13
  CD at 5   3.67   4.37   5.90   20.60
Mog B., 2007
College of agriculture, Dharwad
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Impact of Trichoderma-enriched Biofertilizer on
the growth and yield Tomato (Solanum
lycopersicon Mill.)
Table 10. Effect of Trichoderma-enriched
biofertilizer (Biof) alone or in combination with
chemical fertilizers on yield of tomato
      Treatments Tomato Tomato Tomato
      Treatments   Individual fruit wt.(g)   Fruit yield (kg/plant)   Percent yield increased
  T1 (Control) 62.27 d 0.55 d   -
T2 (NPK fertilizers only) 82.00 ab 0.89 c 61.82
T3 (BioF/compost) 71.87 c 0.86 c 56.36
T4 (BioF/pellets) 71.03 c 0.72 cd 30.90
T5 (BioF/suspension) 72.50 c 0.60 d 9.09
T6 (50 N 50 BioF/compost) 74.43 bc 1.24 b 125.45
  T7 (50 N 50 BioF/pellets) 86.57 a 1.41 b 156.36
  T8 (50 N 50 BioF/suspension) 87.17 a 1.67 a 203.63
  CV () 4.49 9.0 -
LSD (P0.01) 8.14 0.21 -
Means followed by the same letter (s) in column
are not significantly different at 5 level as
determined by DMRT.
Manjurul et al., (2012)
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University,
Bangladesh
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Response of cauliflower to nitrogen fixing
biofertilizer and graded levels of nitrogen
Table 11 Interaction effects of nitrogen and
biofertilizer on curd yield
Treatments (kg ha1) Curd height (cm) Curd diameter (cm) Curd weight (g plant) Curd yield(t ha-1)
N0 B0 5.61 f 8.34 f 125.40 g 3.48 g
N0 B2 6.87 ef 11.82 de 205.68 f 5.72 f
N30 B0 7.85 e 11.44 e 150.48 g 4.18 g
N30 B2 10.23 d 14.49 cd 259.56 e 7.21 e
N60 B0 10.09 d 13.32 cde 216.00 f 6.0 f
N60 B2 13.14 c 17.52 b 426.12 c 11.84 c
N90 B0 11.45 cd 14.86 bc 329.31 d 9.15 d
N90 B2 15.76 b 22.77 a 524.40 b 14.57 b
N120 B0 13.03 c 15.75 bc 421.81 c 11.72 c
N120 B2 18.72 a 22.62 a 658.68 a 18.3 a
F test of AB
LSD 0.05 1.74 2.56 35.37 0.98
SEm 0.58 0.86 11.87 0.33
CV () 8.97 9.76 6.2 6.2
Means followed by the same letter (s) in column
are not significantly different at 5 level as
determined by DMRT.
Bashyal L.N., 2011
IAAS, Nepal
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Studies on the effect of mulches and organics on
yield and quality of chilli (capsicum annuum L.)
Cv. Byadagi dabbi in northern transition zone of
karnataka
Table 12 Dry fruit yield (kg/ha), No of
fruits/plant, 100 fruit wt (g) and fruit length
(cm) of chilli as influenced by mulches and
organic manure.
Treatments Dry fruit yield (kg/ha) No of fruits/plant 100 fruit wt (g) Fruit length (cm)
Glyricidia mulch _at_ 10 t/ha 778.38 24.36 104.31 12.28
Crop residue mulch _at_ 10 t/ha 768.57 23.99 104.05 11.71
No mulch 588.40 20.94 97.79 10.78
SEm 10.99 0.18 0.25 0.22
CD at 5 43.61 0.73 1.00 0.88
Farmyard manure _at_ 10 t/ha 776.34 23.90 104.11 12.17
No-FYM 647.22 21.83 98.99 11.01
SEm 6.34 0.24 0.55 0.21
CD at 5 22.95 0.86 1.91 0.75
Yadahalli V. (2008)
Dharwad
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Conclusion
Organic farming is one of the ways to bring
stability and sustainability to agriculture. The
country at present is not in a position to
completely eliminate the use of chemicals
especially fertilizers. However, it would not be
difficult and unrealistic to phase out the use of
this chemicals systematically. For this on one
hand, the doses of fertilizer need to be
gradually reduce and be balanced by increasing
the use of optimum quantity of organic manures
and biofertilizers. Natural balanced should be
maintained at all costs for the productivity of
land and increased yield.
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Discussion
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Byadagi dabbi in northern transition zone of
Karnataka. A M.Sc. (Agri) thesis submitted to
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