Organic Chemistry Student Handout

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Organic ChemistryStudent Handout
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• Organic Chemistry- study of carbon containing
  compounds.
• Exceptions oxides and carbonates
• Unique bonding of Carbon
• four valence electrons
• relative small size, making covalent bonds very
  stable.
• Properties of Organic Compounds
• insoluble in water
• low melting boiling point
• Decompose easily with heat
• reacts with O2 to produce CO2 H2O (Combustion
  rxn)

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• Hydrocarbons- organic molecules that contain only
  carbon hydrogen.
• Carbon Atoms Prefix
• 1 meth-
• 2 eth-
• 3 prop-
• 4 but-
• 5 pent-
• 6 hex-
• 7 hept-
• 8 oct-
• 9 non-
• 10 dec-

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Saturated Hydrocarbon Alkanes

• All carbon-carbon single bonds
• General formula CnH2n2
• Straight chain alkane- all carbon-carbon bonds
  are connected in a single line.
• Saturated hydrocarbon- carbon skeleton is filled
  to capacity with hydrogen atoms.
• To name
• Use the prefixes to note of carbons
• Add the ane ending.

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Practice Problems

• Write the name for C2H6 C3H8.
• Write the formula for butane heptane.
• Draw the lewis dot (structural formulas) for C2H6
  ,C3H8, butane heptane.

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Branched Alkanes

• Carbon chain is not in a straight line, it is
  branched.
• To name
• Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
  (parent chain) and name it.
• Name the shorter chain with prefixes and yl
  ending, then specify location

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Practice Problems

• Write the chemical formula and name for each.
• a)
• b)

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Cylcoalkane

• Hydrocarbon with a carbon ring.
• Single carbon-carbon bonds.
• General formula CnH2n
• To name
• Use the prefixes to note of carbon atoms
• Add the ane ending
• Add cyclo- to the beginning of the name.

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Practice Problems

1. Write the chemical formula for Cyclobutane,
   Cyclopentane, cyclohexane
2. Write the name for C8H16, C3H6.
3. Draw the lewis dot (structural formula) for
   Cyclobutane, Cyclopentane, cyclohexane, C8H16
   C3H6.

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• Structural Isomers- same Chemical formulas but
  with different structural formulas.

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• There are three structural isomers for pentane.
  There are five possible structural isomers for
  hexane. There are nine structural isomers for
  heptane. As you increase the number of carbons
  which are being used in a compound, you continue
  to increase the number of structural isomers that
  can exist.

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Name MolecularFormula Number ofStructuralIsomers
methane CH4 1
ethane C2H6 1
propane C3H8 1
butane C4H10 2
pentane C5H12 3
hexane C6H14 5
heptane C7H16 9
octane C8H18 18
nonane C9H20 35
decane C10H22 75
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Practice Problems

• Pentane, C5H12, has three chain isomers. You draw
  butane C4H10 two chain isomers.

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Practice Problems

• Write the chemical formula and draw the lewis dot
  (structural formulas) for each.
• 1,1-dimethylcyclopentane
• 1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane
• 2,2,6-trimethyloctane
• 5-ethyl-2,8-dimethyldecane

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Unsaturated HydrocarbonsAlkenes

• Contain a carbon-carbon double bond
• General formula CnH2n
• To name
• Use the prefix to note the number of carbons
• Add the ene ending
• Designate the location of the double bond.

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Benzene

• A cyclic arrangement of 6 carbon atoms and 6
  hydrogen atoms
• exist as an individual molecule
• usually found as part of larger molecules called
  aromatic compounds

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Practice Problems

1. Write the name for C2H4 C3H6.
2. Write the chemical formula for 2-butene 3-hexene,
   4-heptene.
3. Draw the lewis dot (structural formulas) for C2H4
   ,C3H6, 2-butene 3-hexene, 4-heptene.

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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Alkynes

• Contain a carbon-carbon triple bond
• General formula CnH2n-2
• To name
• Use the prefixes to note the number of carbon
  atoms
• Add the yne ending
• Designate the location of the triple bond.

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Practice Problems

• Write the name for C2H2 C3H4.
• Write the formula for 3-butyne 4-heptyne.
• Draw the lewis dot (structural formulas) for C2H2
  ,C3H4, 3-butyne 4-heptyne.

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