BTS

1
BTS Devices II

• Sensors
• Detection, Surveillance, Protection

2
Sensor Sense

• Monitors border for incursions
• Beyond border
• At border
• Inside border
• Triggers alarms
• Transmits triggers and data to control centers
  (CC)in real-time
• Tracks target after crossing
• Responds to CC commands
• Triggers flares/light

3
Types of Sensors

• Deployment classification Combination of mobile
  and fixed
• Satellite
• Airborne
• Maritime
• Ground-based
• Technology/ application
• Seismic
• Radar
• Infrared
• Magnetic
• Sonar
• Trip-flares
• Fiber-optic
• CCD
• Laser
• Fence Technologies

4
Selection Factors

• External
• Threat
• Environment
• Legal restrictions
• Sensor characteristics
• Resolution
• Coverage
• Power requirement
• Communication
• Sensor functionality
• Price
• Ease of installation and maintenance

5
Levels of Sensor Integration

• Level 0 Baseline
• Passive sensors with one way communication
• Level 1
• Control center can manually adjust sensors
• Remote software updates
• Detection threshold control
• Level 2 Co-located active sensors
• Electro-optical
• Thermal imaging
• Level 3 Full integration
• Passive sensors cue cameras for images
• Access to database
• Automatic sensor fusion

6
Seismic Sensors

• Used to detect activities on ground/underground
• Stealth detection
• Two types
• Inertial seismometers - measure ground motion
  relative to an inertial reference (a suspended
  mass),
• Strainmeters or extensometers - measure the
  motion of one point of the ground relative to
  another
• Inertial motion more sensitive than the
  differential motion
• Implementation more challenging for Strainmeters

7
Microwave Motion Detectors

• Floods an area with an electro-magneitic field
• Any movement in the zone disturbs the field and
  sets off an alarm
• Two types
• Bistatic
• Monstatic good for quick deployment
• Limitations
• Slow motion may be undetected
• External interference may cause false positives

8
Electrostatic Field Disturbance Sensors

• Generate an electrostatic field between/around an
  array of wire conductors
• Sensors detects changes/distortions
• Ideal for fences, walls roofs
• Very sensitive
• Limitations
• Extraneous movements will trigger

9
Video Motion Detection (VMD) Sensor

• Event detection and observation of event in
  progress
• Detection through observing changes in cameras
  field of view
• Ideal with overt/covert cameras

10
Micro-Strain Fiber Optic Sensors

• New and advanced in-ground or fence mounted
  detection system utilising a multi core fiber
• Detect minute vibrations even from sounds, via
  deflections in the laser beam
• Long coverage
• Very low false alarms
• Quick installation (just 10 cm under ground)

11
Leaky Coaxial Cable Sensors

• Used for covert detection
• Two coaxial cables buried under ground to
  generate invisible filed
• Could be in the same conduit
• Usually 1 m apart
• Disturbance in the filed triggers alarm

12
Other Sensors

• Microphonic cable fence distaurbance sensors
• Stereoscopic video motion detection system
• Virtual fence
• Combination of acoustic, seismic, and IR sensors
  to detect, locate, and identify human activity in
  a protected area
• Sophisticated IDDF (Identification and Direction
  Finding) algorithms
• Underwater sensors
• Sonar sensors