BTS

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BTS Communication Technologies
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Objectives

• To establish and maintain a unifying exchange and
  sharing framework for different types of data
• Information exchange essential
• To pre-emergency planning
• Critical first response actions, relief efforts,
  and community recovery
• Greatly enhance daily operations and cooperation
  among agencies in meeting homeland defense
  responsibilities
• Where the world is going
• Web-based spatial decision support system where
  multiple agencies can rapidly share and exchange
  their GIS databases and remotely sensed imagery

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Technology Components

• Command, Control and Communications
• Dispatch
• Force management
• Radio and data communications
• Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
• Global positioning system (GPS)

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Benefits of GIS

• Deploy response capabilities.
• Locate resources
• Improve planning capabilities
• Develop training scenarios
• Improve accuracy
• Provide timely decision support
• Develop contingency plans.

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GIS for HS
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GIS for Emergency Response

• Identifying the location of schools, medical
  centers, staging areas, and evacuation routes
• Analysis can identify transportation choke
  points near bridges or overpasses
• Route response vehicles
• Quickly identify critical infrastructures such as
  water storage/treatment facilities, communication
  networks, electric generation facilities,
  refineries, and more

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

• Worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a
  constellation of 24 satellites and their ground
  stations
• Position identified based on triangulation from 3
  satellites
• Uses 2 carrier frequencies (L1 and L2)
• Two types PRCodes (C/A and P)
• P could be encrypted ? Y code

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GPS Applications

• Location - determining a basic position
• Navigation- getting from one location to another
• Tracking - monitoring the movement of people and
  things
• Mapping - creating maps of the world
• Timing - bringing precise timing to the world

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Communication Infrastructure

• Requirements
• Reliability
• Security
• Inter-operability
• New initiatives
• Usual suspects
• Satellite communication
• Microwave links
• Infrared channels
• Fiber-optic links
• Wireless

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Starting from the Bottom

• Sensor Networks

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What Where When

• What?
• Low cost, low power, multi-functional sensor
  nodes
• Communicates within short distances
• Enabled by MEMS, wireless, and digital
  electronics
• Where
• Military, health, environmental

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Ad hoc Networks vs. SNs

• Number of nodes several orders larger
• Densely deployed
• More prone to failures
• Dynamic topology (frequent changes)
• SNs use broadcasts instead of PP
• Power, CPU, and memory limitations
• No global IDS

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Applications

• Military/BTS
• c4ISRT, NBC detection etc.
• Environmental
• Forest fire, bio-complexity analysis, flood
  detection
• Health
• Tele-monitoring, tracking, drug admin.

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Applications (contd)

• Commercial
• Environmental control of office buildings
• 55 b savings/year, reduction of 35 mmt of carbon
  emission
• Detection of vehicle thefts
• Inventory control

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Design Factors

• Fault tolerance
• Scalability
• Cost 1/node
• Cheap BT is 10 times more costly
• Hardware constraints
• Transmission constraints
• Power constraints

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Security in Sensor Networks

• To provide
• Confidentiality
• Authenticity, integrity
• Timeliness freshness
• With minimum power consumption
• Minimize communication key exchanges
• Private key encryption

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Trust Model

• Sensor Nodes are not trusted
• Sink node part of the trusted network
• Sink node and the sensor nodes share secret
• Node trusts its own resources
• Clock, memory etc.

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SPIN Two Protocols

• Secure Network Encryption Protocol (SNEP)
• Provides confidentiality, authentication,
  freshness between endpoints
• µTESLA - Micro Timed Efficient Stream
  Loss-tolerant Authentication
• Provides broadcast authentication

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Encryption Details

• SNEP Private key encryption
• DES-CBC
• Derive subsequent keys from the original shared
  key using RC5
• Use counter mechanism for freshness
• µTESLA
• Authenticated broadcast
• Use of public key too expensive, use modified
  shared key (delayed disclosure)