Imperialism

1
Imperialism

• The domination of one of the political, economic,
  or cultural life of another country or region.

2
Reasons for the New Imperialism

• Interest in raw materials as a result of the
  Industrial Revolution.
• Expansion of power
• Cheap labor
• Military strategy

3
White Mans Burden Take up the White Mans
Burden Send forth the best ye breed Go bind you
sons to exile To serve your captives need To
wait in heavy harness, On fluttered fold and
wild Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil
and half-child.
4
Tools of Imperialism

• Industrialized weapons and tools.
• New firearms
• Effective transportation and communication.
• Railroad
• Steamships
• Telegraph

5
The Dutch in Java-A Prototype

• Settled in 1619 by the Dutch.
• Initially the Dutch paid tribute to the Javanese
  ruler.
• Gained a monopoly over the spice trade.
• 1670s-intervened in civil wars.
• Demanded territories around Batavia to administer
  on their own.
• Each time the Dutch intervened they gained more
  land. They controlled the entire island by 1750.
• Java was the core of the Dutch Empire in Asia for
  200 years.

6
British in India

• British and France constantly in conflict over
  control of key trading posts.
• 1707-Death of Aurangzeb led the Mughal Empire
  into decline.
• The British and French used divide and conquer.
• British East India Company took increasing
  control of the sub-continent.
• Battle of Plassey-1757-Robert Clive-The British
  defeated the French for control of parts of
  India.
• 1857-Sepoy Mutiny led to British taking direct
  control of India.

7
Effects of British Rule in India

• Established English style schools.
• Built extensive railroad and telegraph systems.
• Encouraged cultivation of cash crops lik coffee
  and cotton.
• Constructed canals, harbors and irrigation
  systems.
• Suppressed Indian customs.
• English was the language of communication in all
  public places.
• The British in India were a cursed blessing.

8

• The French in Indochina
• The French established a large SE Asian Empire.
• The empire consisted of the modern countries of
  Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.
• Encouraged conversion to Christianity.
• Treated imperialized people similar to British
  treatment in India.
• Thailand remained the only independent SE Asian
  country.

9
Africa

• As late as 1875 Europeans had a limited presence
  in Africa.
• African-European relationships changed between
  1875-1900.
• Europeans compiled information obtained from the
  adventurers Dr. David Livingston and Henry
  Stanley.

10
A Brief History of South Africa

• Contested Settler Colony
• Development mirrored other White Dominion
  colonies like Australia or Canada.
• Mid-17th century the Dutch established a colony
  in Capetown.
• European community stayed near the coast for
  decades.
• Boers (Dutch farmers) began to move into the
  interior of South Africa.
• Land looked sparsely populated and they
  experienced no resistance.
• It was really inhabited by the Khoikhoi.
• Miscegenation
• Development of a colored population.

11
British capture Capetown in 1815

• Boers differed from the British in everyway.
• Spoke a different language
• Rural and missed all the European intellectual
  revolutions.
• The British evangelicals wanted to eradicate
  slavery.

• The Boers were driven into rebellion and they
  fled Cape Colony.
• Great Trek-10s of thousands of Boers migrated to
  the South African interior and collided with very
  powerful African statesZulu/Xhosa
• Bantu people resisted the Boers.

12
Boer Republics

• 1850s-2 Boer Republics developed-Orange Free
  State and Transval.
• Attempted to keep British out.
• 1867-Diamonds discovered
• 1885-Gold discovered
• British move in and takeover.

1899-1902-Boer War began the process of
decolonization of South Africa and led to Boer
dominance of the Black majority.
13
Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
14
Patterns of Colonial Domination

• Direct Rule
• Administrative districts headed by Europeans.
• Administrative boundaries cut across tribal
  boundaries-divide and conquer.
• Europeans would engage in civilizing missions.
• Constant shortage of European administrators.
• Language difficulties.

• Indirect Rule
• Control indigenous populations through indigenous
  institutions.
• Only worked where there had been well-established
  African states.

White Dominion/Settler Colonies/Contested Settler
Societies
15
Settler Colonies in the Pacific

• 1770-Captain James Cook anchored in Australia.
• 1850s gold discoveries led to the establishment
  of colonies in New Zealand.

16
New Zealand

• White Dominion
• Indigenous people-Maoris
• Alcoholism
• Weapons upset the balance of tribal warfare.
• Diseases destroyed Maori communities.
• 1840s-50,000 Maoris had died.
• By end of century Maoris had been segregated into
  poor rural communities

17
Emergence of New Imperial Powers

• United States
• Manifest Destiny
• Monroe Doctrine
• 1867-Purchased Alaska
• 1875-Protectorate in Hawaii.
• 1898-Spanish American War-Cuba and Puerto Rico
  and Philippines.
• 1903-US helped rebels establish a breakaway state
  in Panama and earned the right to build the
  Panama Canal. Opened in 1914
• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

• Japan
• Meiji industrialization led to imperialism.
• East Asian Islands of Hokkaido,Kurile Islands,
  Okinawa and Ryuku Islands during the 2nd ½ of
  19th century.
• 1876-Began to flex their muscles towards Korea.
• 1894-Sino-Japanese War over Korea
• 1904-Russo-Japanese War.

18

• Effects of Imperialism
• Global trade surged during the 18th-20th
  centuries. Colonial powers benefited most.
• Built transportations systems.
• Converted regions to a cash crop economy.
  (cotton in India)
• Destroyed artisan class.
• Destroyed cultures
• Created political upheaval