CIVIL WAR

1
CIVIL WAR
2
New Orleans

• Led by USA David G. Farragut
• 40 warships approach the mouth of the Miss. R.
• New Orleans is the CSAs busiest port
• Starting on April 24, 1861 bombarded New
  Orleans for 5 days.
• USA took the city and had completed phase 2 of
  Anaconda Plan except for Vicksburg, Miss.

3
Battles for Capitals

• USA attempt to move on CSA capital of Richmond
• McClellan extremely cautious
• Had 5 full months to train his troops w/ 150,000,
  insisted he could not move until he had 270,000.
• Claimed there was not a good retreat route out of
  Richmond
• Lincoln I would like to borrow McClellans
  army if the general himself was not going to use
  it

4
7 Days Battles

• Series of battles in attempt to take Richmond
• McClellan finally moved in spring of 1862
• On to Richmond USA runs into Gen. Robert E. Lee
  (CSA)
• Lee opposed secession and actually freed the
  slaves he had, but could not fight against VA
• Very modest and unconventional

5
Antietam

• Lee advances after 2nd Bull Run
• USA corporal discovers a bound package of cigars
  on the road pursuing Lee.
• In the package was the CSA war plans showing that
  Jackson and Lee had split.
• USA pursues Lee.
• Sept. 17, 1862 McClellan caught up w/ Lee

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• This became the single bloodiest day in US
  history
• More deaths than the War of 1812 and Mexican War
  combined
• 26,000
• CSA retreated and pulled back into VA
• McClellan did NOTHING!
• Lincoln fires McClellan on Nov. 7, 1862
• Replaced with Gen. Ambrose Burnside

7
Trent Incident

• Fall 1861
• CSA sent 2 diplomats (James Mason John Slidell)
  to Britain to persuade them into joining the CSA
  fight.
• Cpt. Charles Wilkes (USA) of the warship San
  Jancito, captures the HMS Trent, and arrested the
  2 men
• The British threatened war and sent 8,000 troops
  to the Canadian border
• Lincoln freed the 2 prisoners and publicly
  claimed that Wilkes was not ordered to do so.
• British did supply the CSA with warships to fight
  the blockade

8
Emancipation Proclamation

• Jan. 1, 1863
• All persons held as slaves within any state, or
  designated part of a state, the people whereof
  shall then be in rebellion against the United
  States, shall be then, thenceforth, and forever
  free And upon this act, sincerely believed to be
  an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution
  upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate
  judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of
  almighty God.

9

• Did not free slaves immediately
• Applied to slaves beyond CSA lines
• Military action aimed at states in rebellion, did
  not apply to Southern states already in USA
  control or states that did not secede.
• Free blacks were allowed to join the Army
• Democrats claimed it would make things worse and
  anger the CSA and resolve their fight.
• Compromise was no longer an option.

10
Lincolns letter to Horace Greeley

• My paramount object in this struggle is to save
  the Union, and is not either to save or destroy
  slavery. If I could save the Union without
  freeing any slaves, I would do it and if I
  could save it by freeing all slaves, I would do
  it and if I could do it by freeing some and
  leaving others alone, I would also do that I
  have here stated my purpose according to my view
  of official duty, and I intend no modification of
  my oft-expressed personal wish that all men,
  everywhere, could be free.

11
Political Problems

• Lincoln dealt forcefully with disloyalty and
  dissent
• After Ft. Sumter, a USA regiment was attacked by
  people in Baltimore, Lincoln sent in troops to
  deal with them
• Suspended habeas corpus requires authorities to
  inform people why they are being held in jail
  before a court.
• 13,000 suspected CSA sympathizers in Union jailed
  w/out trial
• Seized telegraph offices to make sure the wires
  were not used for subversion (negative or harmful
  use)
• Ignored declaration by the Supreme Court that he
  was miss using Executive powers.

12

• Arrested Copperheads Northern Democrats who
  called for peace with the South.
• Lincoln does this one other time in 1864
• Jeff. Davis does the same thing in 1862
• Expanded Presidential powers and set a wartime
  precedent.
• Used the phrase for national security as a
  reason to expand the powers.

13
Troubles on the home front

• Conscription draft
• CSA
• 1862
• Able bodied white men
• Ages 18-35 (1864 18-50)
• Exempt if owned 20 slaves and or could pay
  someone to go instead
• rich mans war, poor mans fight
• NC and GA ignored the laws
• 80 of Southern men fought at some point in the
  war.

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• USA
• 1863
• Between ages 20-45
• 3 years
• Or could pay 300 to avoid conscription
• Only 46,000 draftees went
• 87,000 paid the 300
• 118,000 provided substitutes
• 92 of USA army were volunteers

15
Ft. Pillow

• CSA issued a proclamation that all blacks
  captured would be returned to slavery or executed
• Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest (Tenn. 1864) shot and
  killed some 200 African Americans and some Whites

16
Southern Shortages

• Decline of Plantation system
• North economy grew (1st income tax in 1863)
• Food shortages avg. family in 1861 paid 6.65
  per month In 1863 avg. family paid 68 per
  month.
• Bread riots
• USA blockade created shortages in
• Nails, coffee, sugar, salt, needles, and
  medicines.

17
Prison camps

• CSA Prisons
• Andersonville, GA 33,000 men on 26 acres
• No shelter, drank from a small stream that served
  as sewer
• Henry Wirz (executed by USA for war crimes)
• USA Prisons
• Elmira, NY
• Douglas, Illinois
• CSA soldiers died due to pneumonia and freezing
• 15 of USA prisoners died, 12 of CSA prisoners
  died

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Gettysburg
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Leading to Gettysburg

• December 13, 1863 Lee defeated USA at
  Fredericksburg, Burnside was easily defeated.
• Early May, 1863 CSA defeated USA at
  Chancellorsville
• May 2, Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by
  his own picket line. His left arm was amputated
  and died of pneumonia a few days later.

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• CSA needed supplies, namely shoes.
• Heard about a shoe depot in a small town called
  Gettysburg.
• Sent A.P. Hill to retreave them. Ran into John
  Bufords cavalry (USA) in the process
• Shooting began and attracted more soldiers
• 90,000 USA vs. 75,000 CSA
• USA now under the command of Gen. George Meade

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Day 2 (July 2, 1863)

• Lee ordered Gen. James Longstreet to attack at
  Cemetery Ridge.
• CSA went around to Seminary Ridge, attempt to
  retake the high ground
• CSA breezed through USA and moves on to Little
  Round Top.
• 20th Alabama stormed the position on Litt. Rnd.
  Top
• If this position is lost the CSA could have
  destroyed the USA army at Gettysburg.

22

• USA learned of the potential disaster and move
  the Maine regiment into that position
• Led by Col. Joshua Chamberlain (USA), they were
  the end of the line
• Chamberlain ordered a bayonet charge because they
  were out of ammo.
• The CSA were shocked, tired and surrendered to
  Chamberlain
• The left flank was saved.

23
Day 3 (July 3, 1863)

• Lee ordered an artillery barrage on the center of
  USA lines.
• Reluctantly, Longstreet orders his men to attack
  at the center with a charge by Gen. George
  Pickett
• Meade (USA) was fearful of Jeb Stuarts cavalry
  (CSA) and didnt know if he was behind his lines
  or not.
• Picketts charge was a massacre and was forced to
  fall back loosing 2/3 of his men.

24

• Gen. Robert Gregg (USA) was able to find and stop
  Stuart (CSA)
• CSA retreated and fell back into VA
• USA lost 23,000
• CSA lost 28,000
• Dead littered the fields for 3 days
• Lee, depressed, offered to resign his command,
  but Jefferson Davis refused.
• Grant takes Vicksburg the next day.

25
Vicksburg

• Grant is able to destroy all rail lines going
  into Vicksburg
• Grant orders 2 frontal assaults on Vicksburg and
  failed so he settles for siege in May of 1863
• Residents fell back into caves
• Supplies were gone, people ate things such as
  dogs, mules, and even rats.
• July 3, 1863, CSA surrenders

26
Gettysburg Address

• Nov. 1863
• Edward Everett spoke for 2 hours
• Lincoln to say a few appropriate words
• The speech remade America
• USA as a single nation

27
1864

• Lincoln is appointed Ulysses S. Grant as USA
  commander
• Grant appoints Gen. William T. Sherman in charge
  of the Southern campaign

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Grant and Lee in VA

• USA wanted to grind out CSA in the north
• USA could afford high casualties, CSA could not.
• USA victories at Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and
  Cold Harbor (USA lost 7,000 men in 1 hour) and
  Petersburg
• May 4 to June 18, 1864, Grant lost 65,000 men,
  Lee lost 35,000 (The Butcher)

29
March to the Sea

• Sherman moves South towards Atlanta to cut the
  CSA supply lines.
• Sept. 2, 1864 CSA surround Atlanta to try to cut
  Sherman from his supplies
• Sherman goes south of Atlanta off of his supply
  lines.
• Burning and tearing through GA Sherman reaches
  Savanna and telegraphs Lincoln on Christmas Day
  1864 that Savanna is ours

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Election of 1864

• Democrats dismayed by length of war and loss of
  life
• Pro-Southern Copperheads nominated George
  McClellan
• Radical Republicans being against Lincolns plan
  to readmit CSA states nominated John C. Fremont
• Lincoln supporters dropped the Republican label
  and called themselves National Union Party.

31

• Lincoln stated I am going to be beaten if
  nothing big happens, I will be badly beaten
• Aug. 5 Farragut takes Mobile Bay
• Sept. 2 Sherman takes Atlanta
• Oct. 18 CSA are pushed out of VA
• Absentee votes of soldiers are counted and
  Lincoln wins 55 of popular vote

32
Surrender at Appomattox

• March 1865
• CSA burns Richmond knowing that Grant and Sherman
  are approaching
• April 2 Davis and govt. leaves Richmond
• April 9, 1865 Appomattox Courthouse
• Lee and Grant agree to terms sent by Lincoln
• Very Generous
• Pardon of all soldiers and sent home w/ 3 days
  rations
• Officers could keep fire arms
• CSA collapses w/in the month
• WAR IS OVER