KASHMIR CONFLICT RESOLUTION

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KASHMIRCONFLICT RESOLUTION
INDIA
PAKISTAN
CAPT John Smith Mr. Louis Tutt COL Jeff Ryscavage
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CONFLICT ANALYSIS

• CONFLICT STATEMENT/ History
• B.L.U.F.
• SYSTEM APPROACH TO PEACE
• ROOT CAUSE OF CONFLICT - INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
• MAJOR PARTIES in the CONFLICT
• THE FUTURE
• PEACE BUILDING and CONFLICT RESOLUTION MEASURES

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CONFLICT STATEMENT(History)

• Kashmir is a territory without its own identity
• 1947 (Independence Act) Britain rule of India
• Two nations were formed India and Pakistan
• 562 states joined India or Pakistan
• Jammu and Kashmir remained independent ruler H.
  Singh (Hindu) tried to force all Muslims out of
  Kashmir Kashmir is 1/3 Hindu 2/3 Muslim
• Pakistan (Muslim) invades Singh and Kashmir
• Singh cedes to India for military support and
  affiliation
• UN ceasefire 1948 India military would remain
  and the people would decide their autonomy the
  UN plebiscite never took place and both
  militaries remained in place
• Line of Control - territories controlled by two
  militaries
• Treaty of Accession established by a majority of
  Singh followers
• Four Wars/Conflicts (47 65-71-99)

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Bottom Line Up Front

• Problem is complex no easy answer
• Propose a systems approach to conflict resolution
• Multi-track diplomacy framework
• Major assumption is that line of control and
  peace will remain in place

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ROOT CAUSE OF CONFLICT

• Religion and Ethnicity - ruler H. Singh (Hindu)
  tried to force all muslims out of Kashmir
  Kashmir is 1/3 Hindu 2/3 Muslim
• The predominate religion did not have a voice
• Kashmir people do not have a choice of autonomy-
  right of self government
• Claims of human rights abuses by Indian Army and
  militants
• Water Dispute
• Pakistan believes India would strategically block
  the flow of water to Pakistan that would choke
  the agrarian (land ownership) economy
• The Boundary Award of 1947 meant that the
  headworks of the chief irrigation systems of
  Pakistan were left located in Indian Territory
• The Indus Waters Treaty signed in 1960 resolved
  most of these disputes over the sharing of water,
  calling for mutual cooperation This treaty faced
  issues raised by Pakistan over the construction
  of dams on the Indian side which limit water to
  the Pakistani side

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MAJOR PARTIES IN THE CONFLICT(KEY ACTORS)

• INDIA
• PAKISTAN
• UNITED NATIONS
• UNITED STATES
• CHINA

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INDIAS CONCERN

• Kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir became an integral
  part of the Union of India through the Instrument
  of Accession
• India's claim of secular society, an ideology
  that is not meant to factor religion into
  governance of major policy
• For the UN Resolution mandating a plebiscite to
  be valid, Pakistan should first vacate its part
  of Kashmir
• The Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir had
  unanimously ratified the Maharaja's instrument of
  Accession to India and had adopted a constitution
  for the state that called for a perpetual merger
  of the state with the Indian Union. India claims
  that this body was a representative one, and that
  its views were those of the Kashmiri people at
  the time
• India alleges that Pakistan engages in terrorism
  and narcotics in Kashmir

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PAKISTANS CONCERN

• According to the two-nation theory by which
  Pakistan was formed, Kashmir should have been
  with Pakistan, because it has a Muslim majority
• Pakistan insists that the Maharaja (Singh) was
  not a popular leader, and was regarded as a
  tyrant by most Kashmiris
• Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession under
  duress, thus invalidating the legitimacy of his
  actions
• Pakistan also claims that Indian forces were in
  Kashmir before the Instrument of Accession was
  signed with India, thus, Indian troops were in
  Kashmir in violation of the Standstill Agreement
  which was designed to maintain the status quo in
  Kashmir
• Pakistan claims the Indian Army abused the
  Kashmir people

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United Nations Concerns

• International mediator for all parties
• Maintain resolutions currently in place
• Maintain lines of communication
• Desire peaceful resolution

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U.S. Concerns

• Prevent regional instability
• Human rights abuse
• Kashmir dispute inspires terrorist activity
• India Pakistan nuclear capability
• Keep the lines of communication open between
  India and Pakistan via the UN

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China Concerns

• Area along northern border ceded by Pakistan to
  China in 1963
• India contends area is rightly theirs

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THE FUTURE A Systems ApproachPeace Building and
Conflict Resolution Measures

• Step One Trauma Healing
• Track Four Private Citizen
• ID the Trauma
• Kashmir Conflict causes neglect, discrimination,
  suppression of Kashmirs people identity
  Empower the people
• Safety and Security
• Tell their story and seek forgiveness
• ID and recognize the ethnic, religious and
  cultural sensitivities
• Acceptance, adaptation and integration
• Step Two a two step process to Peace Building
  Activities
• Track Two Nongovernment/Professional CR
• Encourage communication and empowerment of the
  people on larger scale
• Problem solving workshops, access to mediators,
  one on one diplomacy
• Track One Government
• UN bring the parties together for negotiations
• US experience to serve as arbitrator

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THE FUTURE A Systems ApproachPeace Building and
Conflict Resolution Measures

• Step Three Post-Conflict Reconstruction
• Establish peace agreement
• Resolve issues of human rights, identity, rule of
  law and political framework
• Continue to reinforce peace and basic human
  needs-safety, security and self- esteem
• Promote economic growth

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Peacebuilding Map(Abu-Nimer and Diamond, 1997)
War
Move Forward to Reconciliation and Not reverse
course
Cease-fire
Violence
Conflict
Agreement
Reconstruction
Problem
Rehabilitation
Disagreement
Reconciliation
Difference
Problem is complex no easy answer
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QUESTIONS ?
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BACK UP SLIDES NOTES
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• August 15, 1947 Independence of the British
  India into India and Pakistan.
• October 1947 Pashtuns from Pakistan's Afghania
  storm Kashmir, Maharaja of Kashmir asks India for
  help.
• 1947/1948 Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
• 1965 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
• December 6, 1971 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
  Secession of East Bangla
• 1972 Republic of India and Pakistan agree to
  respect the cease-fire as Line of Control.
• April 13, 1984 The Indian Army takes Siachen
  Glacier region of Kashmir
• 1989 Militancy begins in Kashmir
• February 5, 1990 Solidarity day is observed
  throughout Pakistan and Azad Kashmir for the
  alleged massacres by Indian armed forces
• 1999 Kargil War
• July 14-16, 2001 General Pervez Musharraf and
  Atal Behari Vajpayee meet for peace talks.
• October 2001 Kashmiri assembly in Srinagar
  attacked (38 people dead).
• December 2001 Attack on Indian parliament in New
  Delhi.
• May 2, 2003 India and Pakistan restore
  diplomatic ties.
• July 11, 2003 Delhi-Lahore bus service resumes
• September 24, 2004 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
  and President Musharraf meet in New York during
  UN General Assembly.
• July, 2006 Second round of Indo-Pakistani peace
  talks.
• Feb, 2007 Samjhauta Express firebombed, 67
  killed

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• the vote by which the people of a political unit
  determine autonomy or affiliation with another
  country
• Secularism is generally the assertion that
  certain practices or institutions should exist
  separately from religion or religious belief.
  Alternatively, it is a principle of promoting
  secular ideas or values in either public or
  private settings over religious ways of thought.
• In one sense, secularism may assert the right to
  be free from religious rule and teachings, and
  freedom from the government imposition of
  religion upon the people, within a state that is
  neutral on matters of belief, and gives no state
  privileges or subsidies to religions
• Self-government or the right of self-government
• Currently, the policy options for the United
  States to deal with the Kashmir
• conflict seem to be to reduce tensions between
  India and Pakistan, to encourage an
• ongoing dialogue and confidence building measures
  between the two countries, and
• to work to reduce terrorism in the region and
  worldwide